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OBJECTIVE: To provide an updated review of surgical techniques and adjuvants for the management of pterygium. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed for studies published since January 2011. "Pterygium surgery" and the MeSH term "Pterygium/surgery" was used. The results were filtered for randomized controlled trials in English, yielding 60 citations. RESULTS: One study compared topical anesthetic agents. One study compared methods of corneal polishing of the corneoscleral bed after pterygium excision. Numerous studies evaluated the use of conjunctival autograft versus amniotic membrane, superior versus inferior conjunctival autograft, and conjunctival versus limbal-conjunctival autograft. Many studies evaluated graft fixation methods. Several studies evaluated the adjuvant use of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and bevacizumab. A few studies evaluated the adjuvant use of steroids. Eleven studies evaluated various methods of postoperative management. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft fixation using fibrin glue, followed by patching until the first postoperative visit. Surgical adjuvants and postoperative use of artificial tears and topical cyclosporine 0.05% may further reduce recurrence. Postoperative use of topical steroids is highly variable because there is no consensus regarding the optimal dose, frequency, and duration of treatment.
Assuntos
Pterígio , Humanos , Pterígio/cirurgiaRESUMO
Different weight percentages of NiCo2O4-rGO nanocomposites were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. The prepared nanocomposites were structurally and morphologically characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The structural studies show the formation of rGO-NiCo2O4 nanocomposites by embedment of porous NiCo2O4 rods on rGO sheets. The effect of the NiCo2O4 content on photochemical water oxidation was investigated. It revealed that the catalysts NiCo2O4-rGO with 1 : 26 ratio (NCO26) and 1 : 13 ratio (NCO13) are efficient in generating oxygen under light illumination. It proves that NCO26 works far more effectively as a photocatalyst compared to NCO13. Methanol electro-oxidation of the NCO26 nanocomposite shows a current density of 24 mA cm-2 at a potential of 0.45 V in cyclic voltammetry and maintains the current for 3600 s at 0.45 V in chronoamperometry. An onset potential of 0.344 V was observed for 0.5 M methanol oxidation. The specific capacitance values were found to be 354.75 F g-1 and 375.32 F g-1 at 1 mV s-1 and 1 A g-1, respectively, for NCO26 in supercapacitor studies. The charge stored via capacitive and diffusion-controlled processes was determined using Power's law and Trasatti plot. An asymmetric supercapacitor device shows a specific capacitance of 122.2 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and exhibits a retention of 74.3% after 5000 cycles. An energy density of 67.89 W h kg-1 and a power density of 1 kW kg-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 are observed.
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A volume-rendering (VR) technique known as Hesse rendering applies image-enhancement filters to three-dimensional imaging volumes and depicts the filter responses in a color-coded fashion. Unlike direct VR, which makes use of intensities, Hesse rendering operates on the basis of shape properties, such that nodular structures in the resulting renderings have different colors than do tubular structures and thus are easily visualized. The renderings are mouse-click sensitive and can be used to navigate to locations of possible anomalies in the original images. Hesse rendering is meant to complement rather than replace conventional section-by-section viewing or VR. Although it is a pure visualization technique that involves no internal segmentation or explicit object detection, Hesse rendering, like computer-aided detection, may be effective for quickly calling attention to points of interest in large stacks of images and for helping radiologists to avoid oversights.
