Impact of latent toxoplasmosis on pneumonic and non-pneumonic COVID-19 patients with estimation of relevant oxidative stress biomarkers.

Susceptibility to COVID-19, the most devastating global pandemic, appears to vary widely across different population groups. Exposure to toxoplasmosis has been proposed as a theory to explain the diversity of these populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between latent toxoplasmosis and COVID-19 and its probable correlation with markers of oxidative stress, C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin. In a case-control study, blood samples were collected from 91 confirmed (48 non-pneumonic; NP, and 43 pneumonic; P) COVID-19 patients and 45 healthy controls. All participants were tested for IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide [NO], superoxide dismutase [SOD] and reduced glutathione [GSH]), and CRP and serum ferritin levels were determined. In COVID-19 patients, IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 54% compared to 7% in the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (P ˂ 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between the severity of COVID-19 and latent T. gondii infection. Latent toxoplasmosis had a strong influence on the risk of COVID-19. NO and SOD levels were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients, while GSH levels decreased significantly in them compared to control subjects (P ˂ 0.001 for both values). CRP and ferritin levels were also significantly elevated in P COVID-19 patients infected with toxoplasmosis. This is the first study to look at the importance of oxidative stress indicators in co-infection between COVID-19 and T. gondii. The high prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in COVID-19 suggests that T. gondii infection can be considered a strong indicator of the high risk of COVID-19.

Triggers for Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Community- Based Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID- 19 vaccines have been released, giving a major hope of getting rid of the dark pandemic crisis. The availability of vaccines does not necessarily mean that the mass vaccination program is a success. We aimed to investigate COVID-19 vaccination knowledge level, acceptance rate, and perception state among Egyptians. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional online survey was carried out utilizing a selfadministered adult questionnaire that assesses vaccination acceptance with related sociodemographic factors and perceptions based on health belief model perspectives. Predictors of vaccination acceptance were based on logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 957 participants, aged 18-78 years, 55.7% were females, and 66.9% were healthcare workers (HCWs). About one-fourth had a history of confirmed COVID-19 infection and 56.5% would accept to have one of the COVID-19 vaccines, where "Pfizer" was the preferable one (37.8%), while "AstraZeneca" was the most rejected vaccine (26.8%). The 1st vaccine dose was received by 273 (28.5%) of which 260 were intended to receive the 2nd dose. Vaccine efficacy, side effects, protection time, and administration route were essentially among the factors that may influence their decision to accept COVID-19 vaccines. About 83.1% had good knowledge about vaccination which was significantly higher with increased age, among graduates/professionals, governmental workers, HCWs in addition to those able to save/invest money, had a history of confirmed COVID-19 infection and intending to have COVID-19 vaccine. Perceptions that vaccination decreases the chance of getting COVID-19 or its complications (OR = 9.28; CI: 5.03-17.12), vaccination makes less worry about catching COVID-19 (OR = 6.76; CI: 3.88-11.76), and being afraid of getting COVID-19 (OR = 2.04; CI: 1.26-3.31) were strong significant predictors for vaccine acceptance. CONCLUSION: Vaccine campaigns should emphasize vaccine benefits and highlight the severity of infection while addressing barriers to vaccination in order to improve vaccine coverage among populations.

Management of liver disease patients in different clinical situations during COVID-19 pandemic.

Chronic liver diseases are common worldwide, especially in developing countries. The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/(COVID-19) leads to the infection of many patients with underlying chronic liver diseases. As a relatively new disease, management of COVID-19, in the context of chronic liver disease, is mainly based on the experience of the treating physician and the available data. In this review, we summarize the available evidence about the management of liver disease patients, in the context of COVID-19 infection, which can increase the severity of viral hepatitis B. Also, its clearance in HBV patients is delayed. A sixfold increased severity of COVID-19 was reported in obese patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFDL). In patients with autoimmune liver disease (AILD), it is not recommended to change their immunosuppressive therapy (as long as they are not infected with COVID-19), in order to avoid a flare of liver disease. However, immunosuppressant drugs should be modified, in the case of infection with COVID-19. To date, no data suggest an increased risk or severity in metabolic liver diseases, such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Patients with liver cirrhosis should be carefully managed with minimum exposure to healthcare facilities. Basic investigations for follow-up can be scheduled at wider intervals; if patients need admission, this should be in COVID-19-clean areas. Patients with hepatocellular carcinomas may have a poor prognosis according to preliminary reports from China. The course of COVID-19 in liver transplant recipients on immunosuppression seems to have a benign course, based on few reports in children and adults. The hepatotoxicity of COVID-19 drugs ranges from mild liver enzyme elevation to a flare of underlying liver diseases. Therefore, the decision should be customized. Telemedicine can minimize the exposure of healthcare workers and patients to infection with COVID-19 and decrease the consumption of personal protective equipment.

A validated potentiometric method for the rapid determination of chromium ions content in food samples using a portable graphite sensor.

Cr(III) has a vital role in the biological systems, and in many industrial and environmental processes, so the development of a selective, sensitive, and rapid method for its determination is a challenging goal. In this paper, an effective, selective, and inexpensive Cr(III) ions modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) based on a simple ionophore named benazepril (BNZ) was developed and described. The proposed technique was validated using the EURACHEM guidelines. Our sensor shows a Nernstian slope of 19.20 ± 0.39 mV/decade in the range of 8.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-1 mol L-1with a quick response time (10 s) and can be applied for the measurements for at least 54 days with negligible change in the results. The proposed sensor has a stable potentiometric response in the pH range of 2.5-6.5 and has great selectivity towards Cr(III) ions over numerous inorganic cations. The Cr(III)-BNZ surface interaction was scrutinized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Lastly, the proposed electrode was applied for the determination of Cr(III) ions in various food samples, and the results were compared with the results of the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Novel 6-hydroxyquinolinone derivatives: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, in silico study and toxicity profiling.

Infectious diseases of bacteria and fungi have become a major risk to public health because of antibiotic and antifungal resistance. However, the availability of effective antibacterial and antifungal agents is becoming increasingly limited with growing resistance to existing drugs. In response to that, novel agents are critically needed to overcome such resistance. A new series of 6-hydroxyquinolinone 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b bearing different side chains were synthesized and evaluated as antimicrobials against numbers of bacteria and fungi, using inhibition zone technique. As one of these derivatives, compound 3 was identified as a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent against all tested microorganisms with good minimum inhibitory concentration values comparable to reference drugs. Molecular docking studies were performed on antibacterial and antifungal targets; microbial DNA gyrase B of Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 4URO); N-myristoyltransferase of Candida albicans (PDB ID: 1IYK), respectively, to predict the most probable type of interaction at the active site of the target protein in addition to binding affinities and orientations of docked ligands. Additionally, in silico prediction in terms of detailed physicochemical ADME and toxicity profile relating drug-likeness as well as medicinal chemistry friendliness was performed to all synthesized compounds. The results indicated that a novel 4,6-dihydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (3) is likely to be a newly synthesized drug candidate, indicating low toxicity in addition to good in silico absorption. In order to pave the way for more logical production of such compounds, structure-activity and toxicity relationships are also discussed.

Utility of Lung Ultrasound in Decision-making to Prioritize Hospital Admission for COVID-19 Patients: A Developing Country Perspective.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In the midst of this pandemic, planning the prioritization of hospital admissions for patients affected with COVID-19 should be of prime concern, particularly in healthcare settings with limited resources. Thus, in this study, we aimed to develop a novel approach to triage COVID-19 patients and attempt to prioritize their hospital admission using Lung Ultrasonography (LUS). The efficacy of LUS in triaging suspected COVID-19 patients and assessing the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia was evaluated; the findings were then compared with those obtained by chest computed tomography (CT). METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study comprised 243 COVID-19 patients who presented to the emergency department in 3 major university hospitals in Egypt. LUS was performed by an experienced emergency or chest physician, according to the local protocol of each hospital. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were then collected from each patient. Each patient was subjected to chest CT scans and LUS. RESULTS: The mean age of the 243 patients was 46.7 ± 10.4 years. Ground-glass opacity, subpleural consolidation, translobar consolidation, and crazy paving were reported in the chest CT scans of 54.3%, 15.2%, 11.1%, and 8.6% of the patients, respectively. B-line artifacts were observed in 81.1% of the patients (confluent pattern, 18.9%). The LUS findings completely coincided with the CT findings (Kappa agreement value, 0.77) in 197 patients (81.1%) and offered a diagnostic sensitivity of 74%, diagnostic specificity of 97.9%, positive predictive value of 90.2%, and negative predictive value of 93.6% for the COVID-19 patients. Following the addition of O2 saturation to the lung imaging findings, the ultrasound method was able to demonstrate 100% sensitivity and specificity in accurately differentiating between severe and non-severe lung diseases. CONCLUSION: LUS with oxygen saturation might prove to be effective in prioritizing the hospital admission of COVID-19 patients, particularly in healthcare settings with limited resources.

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)-derived nanoparticles in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice: Hepatoprotective and enhancer of etiological treatment.

BACKGROUND: Nanotechnology has been manufactured from medicinal plants to develop safe, and effective antischistosmal alternatives to replace today's therapies. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prophylactic effect of ginger-derived nanoparticles (GNPs), and the therapeutic effect of ginger aqueous extract, and GNPs on Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected mice compared to praziquantel (PZQ), and mefloquine (MFQ). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Eighty four mice, divided into nine different groups, were sacrificed at 6th, 8th, and 10th week post-infection (PI), with assessment of parasitological, histopathological, and oxidative stress parameters, and scanning the worms by electron microscope. As a prophylactic drug, GNPs showed slight reduction in worm burden, egg density, and granuloma size and number. As a therapeutic drug, GNPs significantly reduced worm burden (59.9%), tissue egg load (64.9%), granuloma size, and number at 10th week PI, and altered adult worm tegumental architecture, added to antioxidant effect. Interestingly, combination of GNPs with PZQ or MFQ gave almost similar or sometimes better curative effects as obtained with each drug separately. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained when ½ dose GNPs combined with ½ dose MFQ which achieved 100% reduction in both the total worm burden, and ova tissue density as early as the 6th week PI, with absence of detected eggs or tissue granuloma, and preservation of liver architecture. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: GNPs have a schistosomicidal, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective role. GNPs have a strong synergistic effect when combined with etiological treatments (PZQ or MFQ), and significantly reduced therapeutic doses by 50%, which may mitigate side effects and resistance to etiological drugs, a hypothesis requiring further research. We recommend extending this study to humans.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) cabrera leaf and bark grown in Egypt.

Schinus polygamus (Anacardiaceae) is a shrub cultivated in Egypt for ornamental purpose. The major components of bark oil were dl-limonene (29.74%), followed by myrtenal (14.02%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.34%), while E-caryophyllene (55.86%), dl-limonene (27.71%) and ß-pinene (3.54%) were predominant in the leaf oil. These isolated oils were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Candida albicans MTCC183 and Aspergillus niger NRRL 595, and two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The leaf oil showed a remarkable inhibitory effect against all tested bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 25 to 300 µg/mL, while the bark oil was active against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 only. Furthermore, the bark and leaf oils revealed potent cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and Caco-2 cells with IC50 values of 1.56 to 24.12 µg/mL.

Purification and characterization of peroxidases from garden cress sprouts and their roles in lignification and removal of phenol and p-chlorophenol.

The study aims to evaluate the relation between peroxidases of day-6 garden cress sprouts and phenolic compounds. Three cationic, three anionic, and two unbounded peroxidases were separated from day-6 garden cress sprouts. Cationic (GCP1) and anionic (GCP2) peroxidases were purified with molecular masses of 25 and 40 kDa, respectively. The Km values of GCP1 toward H2 O2 and guaiacol were lower than GCP2. The anionic GCP2 exhibited high affinity toward some lignin monomers, sinapyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, cinnamic and ferulic acids. Therefore, GCP2 is considered as a lignin peroxidase and contributed in lignin synthesis. The activity of GCP1 and GCP2 was stable at a wide pH range 5.5-8.0 and 6.0-7.5, respectively. Both peroxidases showed the same thermal stability range 20-50°C. GCP2 was more resistant against the effect of metal ions than GCP1. GCP2 showed high ability to remove of phenol and p-chlorophenol from effluent compared to GCP1. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Generally, garden cress is used as a test plant to conduct biomonitoring of pollution in urban soil on a wide scale because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. Peroxidase is an important antioxidant enzyme, which elevated when plant subjected to pollution. Recently, we reported that the increase of peroxidase activity was strongly correlated with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity during the germination of garden cress. In the present study, anionic peroxidase GCP2 may play an important role in lignification process and removal of phenol and p-chlorophenol from polluted soil/wastewater as well as resisted the harmful effect of heavy metals. Cationic peroxidase GCP1, as a natural scavenger, had high affinity toward H2 O2 coupled to oxidation of some plant phenolic compounds suggesting its role in consuming of excess H2 O2 .

A contradictory action of procoagulant ficin by a fibrinolytic serine protease from Egyptian Ficus carica latex.

Ficus carica is one of the most popular and edible plants. Its trees emanate latex of high medical importance. The well-studied procoagulant effect of ficin is a hallmark of this latex which protrudes an interesting question of how can the plant control this effect? In the present work, we purified and characterized a serine protease (FPIII) with fibrinolytic activity from F. carica latex and study the anticoagulant character of the latex. FPIII was inhibited by PMSF and its molecular weight was 48 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of FPIII were detected at 8.5 and 60 °C, respectively. The activation energy of FPIII was 7 kcal/mol and was thermal stable up to 60 °C. FPIII tended to hydrolyze different protein substrates and showed a good catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km). The anticoagulant effects and fibrinogenolytic activities of latex crude extract and FPIII were detected, which controls the procoagulant effect of ficin.

Retreatment of chronic hepatitis C patients who failed previous therapy with directly acting antivirals: A multicenter study.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different DAAs regimens in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) Egyptian patients who failed to achieve SVR after their treatment with SOF-based regimens. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational multicenter study that included CHC patients that failed to achieve cure on SOF-based regimens who were re-treated using different DAAs regimen and were allocated according to national guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis C. Primary outcome was to assess the SVR12 rate among prior non-responders after retreatment with a second course of DAAs. RESULTS: Our study included 172 patients who failed to achieve SVR after treatment with SOF-based treatment regimen [age: 51.2 ± 11.3, 58.7% men]. Included patients were retreated using SOF/DCV/RBV, SOF/ r/PAR /OMB /RBV, SOF/DCV/SIM, SOF/LDV ± RBV or SIM/SOF. SVR12 was successfully attained in 95.35% (164/172) of the included non-responders. CONCLUSION: The current multicenter study proved the efficacy of various DAAs regimens issued by the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis for retreatment of relapsed CHC Egyptian patients.

Egyptian liver library: An indexed database for liver disease evidence in Egypt.

Liver diseases are among the most challenging health care problems worldwide. In Egypt, we established different care programs to combat liver diseases including schistosomiasis and viral hepatitides. A lot of research work addressing liver diseases in Egypt have been published with special focus on these two major fields. Other liver disease seems to be neglected although present and contributing to the liver disease burden in Egypt. In this report we reviewed the available evidence published from Egypt and elucidate areas of weakness and future research needs. Our search for Egyptian liver disease evidence retrieved 4683 articles, 67% of them were relevant to the topic. Out of the relevant articles; 1646/3265 (50.4%) were discussing clinical science, 1131 (34.7%) were discussing basic science and 488 (14.9%) were discussing both basic and clinical sciences. Cairo university (16.8%, n = 513) and Mansoura university (9.3%, n = 285) had the largest number of publications related to liver disease in Egypt respectively. The most commonly reported diseases were hepatitis C in 719/3361 articles (21.4%), parasitic liver infestations in 663 articles (19.7%), hepatocellular carcinoma in 544 articles (16.2%), liver fibrosis or cirrhosis in 537 articles (16%), and drug induced liver injury in 516 articles (15.4%). Most of the reviewed articles (36%) were discussing treatment of chronic liver diseases (n = 1201) followed by diagnostics (28%, n = 940), pathogenesis and pathophysiology (21%, n = 706). This review will direct attention to areas with less research like hepatitis B related liver disease, HIV/HCV co-infections, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to encourage future research in these topics. In conclusion; our results ring a bell inviting the development of a roadmap for liver research in Egypt targeting to put future policies to cover areas of weakness in liver research with an ultimate goal of tackling liver disease and its overwhelming socioeconomic burden in our developing country.

Reporting quality in systematic reviews of in vitro studies: a systematic review.

Background: Systematic reviews (SRs) and/or meta-analyses of in vitro research have an important role in establishing the foundation for clinical studies. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the reporting quality of SRs of in vitro studies using the PRISMA checklist.Method: Four databases were searched including PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Science (ISI) and Scopus. The search was limited from 2006 to 2016 to include all SRs and/or meta-analyses (MAs) of pure in vitro studies. The evaluation of reporting quality was done using the PRISMA checklist.Results: Out of 7702 search results, 65 SRs were included and evaluated with the PRISMA checklist. Overall, the mean overall quality score of reported items of the PRISMA checklist was 68%. We have noticed an increasing pattern in the numbers of published SRs of in vitro studies over the last 10 years. In contrast, the reporting quality was not significantly improved over the same period (p = .363). There was a positive but not significant correlation between the overall quality score and the journal impact factor of the included studies.Conclusions: The adherence of SRs of in vitro studies to the PRISMA guidelines was poor. Therefore, we believe that using reporting guidelines and journals paying attention to this fact will improve the quality of SRs of in vitro studies.

Real-world results of direct-acting antivirals use for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in old patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Old people with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) were considered a difficult-to-treat category with more frequent adverse events until recently. Interferon-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) improved treatment adherence and quality of life of old patients. In this study, we aimed at reporting the real-world efficacy and safety of DAAs, in addition to predictors of sustained virological response (SVR) in old chronic HCV population. METHODS: This is a prospective observational intention-to-treat analysis that included old chronic hepatitis C genotype-4 patients (> 65 years) treated in a single specialized viral hepatitis treatment center in Egypt. Treatment regimens were allocated according to national guidelines for treatment of hepatitis C. Primary outcome was undetectable HCV-RNA at 12-week post-treatment by PCR. Secondary outcomes were identification of predictors of SVR and assessment of safety related issues. RESULTS: Our study included 864 patients (64% females) with mean age of 67.7 ± 2.8 years. Overall SVR rate was 98.9% while SVR rates for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir/ribavirin, paritaprevir/ombitasvir/ritonavir/ribavirin, sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir/ribavirin, sofosbuvir/simeprevir/daclatasvir/ribavirin, sofosbuvir/simeprevir, interferon/sofosbuvir/ribavirin and sofosbuvir/ribavirin were 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 99.3%, 98% and 94.2%, respectively. DAAs were well tolerated. None of the patients discontinued the treatment due to adverse effects. Higher albumin, higher platelet count, lower bilirubin and lower stage of fibrosis were among predictors of favourable response. CONCLUSION: Different DAAs regimens were safe and effective in old Egyptian patients with chronic HCV.

Evaluation of saccular and inferior vestibular nerve function in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.

PURPOSE: The aim of the current work was to evaluate the function of the saccule and inferior vestibular nerve in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) by recording the cervical-evoked myogenic potentials (C-VEMP) on those children and to compare C-VEMP results in ANSD children of pre-lingual onset to those in ANSD children of post-lingual onset. METHODS: The study included 38 ANSD children of pre-lingual onset, 16 ANSD children of post-lingual onset, and 20 control children. All participant children were subjected to C-VEMP testing using 500 Hz tone burst stimuli. RESULTS: The vast majority of ANSD children of pre-lingual onset (35 out of 38; 92.1%) had bilateral intact C-VEMP response with C-VEMP parameters (amplitude, asymmetric ratio, latency, and inter-aural latency difference) that were not statistically different than those in the control children. Only three children had bilateral absent C-VEMP response. On the other hand, the majority of ANSD children of post-lingual onset (11 out of 16; 68.75%) had bilateral absent C-VEMP response. The remaining five children had bilateral intact C-VEMP response with C-VEMP parameters that were not statistically different than those in the control children. CONCLUSIONS: The pathology of ANSD spares the saccule and inferior vestibular nerve in the vast majority of ANSD children of pre-lingual onset, while it involves them in the majority of ANSD of post-lingual onset reflecting different site(s) of lesion between the two ANSD categories. Such results have important clinical implications as regards to the management of ANSD in children.

Antimicrobial cellulosic hydrogel from olive oil industrial residue.

The cellulose-based antimicrobial hydrogel was prepared from seed and husk cellulosic fibers of olive industry residues by load silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto grafted acrylamide monomer (Am) cellulosic fibers. The grafting approach was the free radical mechanism by utilizing ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator in aqueous medium and N,N methylene bisacrylamide (MBAm) as a cross linker. The effect of different grafting conditions on the properties of produced hydrogels has been studied by determining the grafting parameters, i.e. concentration of Am, MBAm, grafting time and temperature to optimize grafting yield (G %), grafting efficiency (GE %), and swelling %. Characterizations of the obtained hydrogels were performed through monitoring swelling behavior, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. AgNPs were grown into the prepared hydrogel. Hydrogel/AgNPs were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrogel loaded AgNPs exhibit high efficient antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans.

The possible effect of human menopausal gonadotropin on the audio-vestibular system.

OBJECTIVE: Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) is one of the commonest drugs used for ovarian stimulation with no reports on the audio-vestibular system. This study aims to examine HMG on the hearing profile of patients planning intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHODS: This prospective study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 in a tertiary referral hospital. The audio-vestibular system of a total of 30 patients was evaluated using pure tone audiometry, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs in the form of a DP-gram) and Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) immediately before therapy and at the day 10 after therapy. Audio-vestibular adverse effects including hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and otalgia were also considered. RESULTS: Significant elevations in hearing thresholds were found on comparing thresholds at the day 10 at the onset of the study. The elevations were mostly at frequencies (1000, 2000 and 8000Hz) and did not affect speech perception. For DPOAE, significant differences were observed at all F2 frequencies on comparing both amplitudes and signal to noise ratios. Otologic complaints were significant for tinnitus and hearing loss. CONCLUSION: Significant auditory and vestibular adverse effects may result from HMG therapy, indicating the importance of prompt monitoring of auditory functions in these patients.

Immobilization of Trichoderma harzianum α-amylase on PPyAgNp/Fe3O4-nanocomposite: chemical and physical properties.

In this study, a new support has been developed by immobilization of α-amylase onto modified magnetic Fe3O4-nanoparticles. The characterization of soluble and immobilized α-amylases with regards to kinetic parameters, pH, thermal stability and reusability was studied. The effect of polypyrrole/silver nanocomposite (PPyAgNp) percentage on weight of Fe3O4 and pH on the immobilization of α-amylase was studied. The highest immobilization efficiency (75%) was detected at 10% PPyAgNp/Fe3O4-nanocomposite and pH 7.0. Immobilization of α-amylase on PPyAgNp/Fe3O4-nanocomposite was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The reusability of the immobilized enzyme activity was 80% of its initial activity after 10 reuses. The immobilized enzyme was more stable towards pH, temperature and metal ions compared with soluble enzyme. The kinetic study appeared higher affinity of immobilized enzyme (Km 2.5 mg starch) compared with soluble enzyme (Km 3.5 mg starch). In conclusion, the immobilization of α-amylase on PPyAgNp/Fe3O4-nanocomposite could successfully be used in industrial and medical applications.