Renal Transplantation Enhances the Sildenafil Citrate Effectiveness in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. A Single-Center Perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Sildenafil citrate in the treatment of ED in (HD) compared to post-RT patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A concurrent cohort prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of Sildenafil in the treatment of ED in 24 HD patients (Group A) and 13 patients with persistent ED one-year post-RT (Group B). The initial dose of Sildenafil was 25 mg, increased to 50 mg if there is an adequate response. An Arabic-translated International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was completed one week before and after Sildenafil treatment. An IIEF erectile function score of 26 or an improvement of at least 10 points for the total IIEF score was considered a favorable response to Sildenafil. RESULTS: Group A included 22 patients with a mean age of 47.32 ± 7.013 years, whereas Group B included 13 patients with a mean age of 56.87 ± 9.612 years. The overall efficacy rate of Sildenafil was 40.9% and 76.9% in groups A and B, respectively. The post-treatment IIEF5-15 score increased from 11.1 ± 5.99 to 12.5 ± 6.41 (p = .458) and from 11.82 ± 7.534 to 21.91 ± 5.700 (p = .002) in groups A and B, respectively. In both groups, the duration of HD had no impact on ED improvement except in the post-RT non-responder subgroup. Hypertension, gastrointestinal symptoms, and flushing were both groups' most common side effects. CONCLUSION: RT could enhance the response to sildenafil in treating patients with ED. The outcome is better in younger post-RT patients with moderate and severe erectile dysfunction and shorter dialysis duration.

Laparo-Endoscopic Single-Site Left Donor Nephrectomy In Patients With Uncommon Renal Vascular Anatomy: Does the Technique Make a Difference?

BACKGROUND: To compare donor and recipient outcomes in patients with renal artery and ante-aortic renal vein vs unusual renal vascular anatomy undergoing laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESSDN). METHODS: A retrospective chart review of the comparative study of donor and recipient outcomes of LESSDN in donors with venous abnormality (n = 28, group A), arterial abnormality (n = 74, group B), and standard donors (n = 248, group C). RESULTS: From September 2016 to August 2022, 350 left LESSDN were performed. The most common anomalies in group A were the retro-aortic and 2 renal veins in 12 patients each. In group B, 72 and 2 patients had 2 and 3 renal arteries, respectively. Operative and warm ischemia times were significantly longer in donors with vascular anomalies. Moreover, patient creatinine on discharge was significantly higher in arterial anomalies; it was 1.61 ± 0.22 compared with 1.26 ± 0.43 and 1.25 ± 0.32 mg/dL for patients with no anomalies and venous anomalies, respectively (P < .001). However, serum creatinine levels recovered after 1 month and were comparable between the study groups. Recipients, operative time, and vascular anastomosis time were significantly longer in recipients with vascular anomaly. Slow graft function was higher in group B (6.9%) than in the other groups. One-year graft survival rates were 96.4%, 94.6%, and 97.1% (P = .496). CONCLUSION: With increased experience, LESSDN in multiple renal arteries and uncommon venous anatomy cases is feasible and safe. Moreover, it does not influence donor or recipient outcomes.

Prophylactic Sclerotherapy for Lymphatic Complications After Living Donor Renal Transplant: A Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: Lymphocele formation after kidney transplant is a common complication that causes significant morbidity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intraoperative prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy through the closed suction drain to prevent lymphocele after kidney transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective comparative single-institution study, we compared patients who underwent intraoperative prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy through the closed suction drain (group A) with patients who did not receive sclerotherapy (group B). Patients were treated between September 2017 and July 2023. Atthe end of the kidney transplant surgery, after the closure of the external oblique muscle layer and before skin closure, 10 mL of 10% povidone-iodine in 40 mL of normal saline were instilled via the closed suction drain and dwelled in the cavity for 30 minutes. RESULTS: During the study period, 300 living-related donor kidney transplants were performed. Prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy was performed in 150 patients (50%).We noted a significantly lower incidence of lymphorrhea and lymphocele in group A. On postoperative days 1 and 5, we noted a significant reduction in drain output in group A (P < .001). One patient in group A and 5 patients in group B required ultrasonography-guideddrainage andpovidone-iodine sclerotherapy. No sclerotherapy-related complications were reported after a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 3-29 months). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative prophylactic povidoneiodine sclerotherapy appears to be an easy, safe, and effective procedure for preventing lymphatic complications after living donor kidney transplant.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Barriers Toward Deceased Organ Donation Among Health Care Professionals and Medical Students in Southern Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Knowledge and attitude of health care professionals and medical students are crucial to promoting positive outcomes of organ donation. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals and medical students on organ donation in Southern Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of consented tertiary hospital health care professionals (n = 200) (group A) and medical students (n = 200) (group B) in Southern Saudi Arabia from December 2022 to April 2023. Anonymous questionnaires in aGoogle form were sentto participants via WhatsApp. The study questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: sociodemographic information, knowledge toward organ donation, and attitude toward organ donation. RESULTS: Both groups had adequate knowledge on organ donation and brain death concepts, but this knowledge was not reflected in willingness to donate among the groups. Among people surveyed, 65% of group A and 45% of group B (P < .001) noted willingness to donate their organs, even to relatives. However, only 22% of group A and 14% of group B were registered as donors. The most common reasons for refusal in both groups were lack of knowledge about donation, fear of body disfigurement after death, and religious factor. Among the health care professionals (group A), although consultants knew more about the donation process, residents had more positive attitudes and motivation for donation. For groups A and B, the primary sources of information were the internet and social media. CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes of medical students and health care personnel toward organ donation were positive, although they were generally reluctantto donate their organs. This study repeats the need for education interventions that should stress the importance of donation, brain death irreversibility, national legal regulations for organ donation, the compatibility of organ donation with religious values, and the explanation of inaccurate beliefs.

Successful Completion of Left Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Donor Nephrectomy in a Patient with Duplicated Inferior Vena Cava: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Duplication of the inferior vena cava is a rare vascular anomaly that increases the complexity of living donor nephrectomy and subsequent transplant. We present the case of a successful left-side laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy performed in a donor with a duplicated inferior vena cava. The length of the left renal vein was adequate for anastomosis in the recipient, with no late surgical complications at 9 months for both donor and recipient. Duplicated inferior vena cava is not a contraindication for left kidney transplant. Preoperative assessment and planning with computed tomography angiography are essential. Laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy can be performed safely in patients with duplicated inferior vena cava.

The Outcome of COVID-19 Infection on Kidney Transplantation Recipients in Southern Saudi Arabia: Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: To report the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe COVID-19 disease in kidney transplant recipients attending a Saudi hospital at a single center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A retrospective chart-based cohort study involving all kidney transplant recipients tested for COVID-19 in the Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, KSA. RESULTS: Of 532 kidney transplant recipients who reported to the center, from March 2020 to June 2022, 180 were tested for COVID-19. Of these recipients, 31 (17%) tested positive. Among the 31 positive recipients, 11 were treated at home, 15 were admitted to the noncritical isolation ward, and 5 were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Older age (P = .0001), higher body mass index (P = .0001), and history of hypertension (P = .0023) were more frequent in the COVID-19-positive recipients. Admission to the ICU was more frequent in older recipients (P = .0322) with a history of ischemic heart disease (P = .06) and higher creatinine baseline (P = .08) presenting with dyspnea (P = .0174), and acute allograft dysfunction (P = .002). In the ICU group, 4 (80%) patients required hemodialysis, and 4 (80%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 could have a higher risk for developing acute kidney injury, dialysis, and mortality than the general population. ICU admission and renal replacement therapy were more evident in older recipients with a history of ischemic heart disease, presenting with shortness of breath (P = .017) and a higher serum creatinine baseline. Acute allograft dysfunction was the independent predictor of mortality among patients admitted to the ICU.

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Living Donor Renal Transplant Recipients and the Role of Behavioral Education Program in Management: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent type of kidney transplant (KT) recipients. We aimed to investigate the incidence, causes, and clinical impact of early recurrent UTI post-living donor KT and to examine the role of behavioral education program in management. METHODS: This retrospective cohort chart-review study included all KT recipients with recurrent UTI necessitating hospital admission between September 2017 and August 2021. All patients with recurrent UTI were subjected to behavioral education for a month. RESULTS: UTI was found in 14 of 145 patients (9.6%), with recurrent UTI in 11 (7.6%). A total of 93% of UTIs occurred during the first 6 months post-transplant and represented 52% of KT readmissions during the same period. A total of 64.3% of patients were older than 50 years. The mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 5 (2.5) days, with an equal incidence in both sexes. The most common bacterial isolates in early recurrent UTI were Escherichia coli in 80.9%. Both Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and multidrug-resistant organisms (resistance in ≥3 drugs) were seen in 82.4% of isolates. Furthermore, the most effective antibiotic was meropenem, with 86.7% effectiveness. A total of 65% of UTIs were managed with a single antibacterial course. A total of 64.3% of patients were older than 50 years. In patients who developed UTI, the mean (SD) serum creatinine was 1.31 (0.52) mg/dL, with a mean increase in serum creatinine of 0.19 mg/dL on having the episodes; at 1 year post-transplant, serum creatinine declined to 1.23 (0.43) mg/dL. Four patients (36%) had no recurrence of UTI after behavioral education. CONCLUSIONS: The multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates account for 82.4% of the UTIs. Therefore, antibiotic prescription should follow the antimicrobial stewardship guidelines. Behavioral education significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent UTI.

Urinary Bladder Traversed by Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter and Discovered Accidently During Living Donor Kidney Transplant: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Peritoneal dialysis is a well-established renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. Insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter has inherent complication risks. We present a case of a triple-cuff peritoneal dialysis catheter that traversed the urinary bladder on its way to its final destination and was discovered 3 months later during living donor kidney transplant. We observed a 22-year-old male patient on peritoneal dialysis who was admitted for living related kidney transplant. Intraoperatively, we discovered that the well-functioning peritoneal dialysis catheter was inserted through the urinary bladder. Diagnostic intraoperative cystogram and cystoscopy were conducted. Open removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and repair of entry and exit sites were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 11 days postoperatively with a functioning graft. Bladder catheterization before peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion, even in low-risk patients, is mandatory, to avoid bladder perforation. In addition to the case report, we reviewed the pertinent literature.

Does Kidney Transplantation Help Young Patients on Dialysis With Erectile Dysfunction? A Single-center Study.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effects of a successful KT on EF in male patients with ESRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center cross-sectional prospective study to assess the erectile dysfunction in male patients one month before and one year after KT. We adopted a validated, self-administered translated International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) questionnaire. A sub-analysis was performed by categorizing the cohort into 2 age groups: <50 and ≥50 yr. RESULTS: Between September 2017 and February 2021, 68 ESRD patients underwent kidney transplantation (KT), with a mean age of 48.9 ± 12.9 years. Thirty-one patients were below 50 years (Group I). The median hemodialysis duration was 12 months. Sixty-three patients (92.6%) had ED. The mean total IIEF-15 score before and after was 46.8/75 ±12.7 and 55.5 ±13, respectively (P <.001). Forty-six patients (67.6%) reported improved erectile function, 22 (32.4%) did not demonstrate any change, and no patient reported deterioration. Moreover, after KT, sexual desire, orgasm, and overall patient satisfaction improved significantly. Before KT, 83.8% and 100% of groups I and II patients had ED, which dropped to 22.6% and 86.5%, respectively, after KT. IIEF-15 scores improved in both groups. However, the improvement in ED was observed significantly in young patients with mild ED. CONCLUSION: KT positively impacts sexual function and improves erectile dysfunction, especially among young patients. The duration of dialysis before kidney transplantation had no impact on ED improvement after transplantation. The positive effect of transplantation on ED could encourage ESRD patients to undergo KT.

Post-Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Donor Nephrectomy Ipsilateral Testicular Pain, Does Operative Technique Matter? A Single Center Experience and Review of Literature.

Aim: To assess incidence and characteristics of post-laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESS DN) testicular pain. Materials and Methods: A prospective comparative study of all male donors post-left LESS DN (group A) vs. postopen nephrectomies (group B) was performed at our center. Patients' demographics, perioperative data, and postoperative consultation reports were reviewed. Testicular pain, swelling, numbness, urinary symptoms, and sexual dysfunction were evaluated. Patients with a history of scrotal pathology or surgical procedure were excluded. Pain and tenderness were scored on a standard 10-point scale. Results: From September 2017 to December 2020, 85 and 35 male patients of groups A and B met the evaluation criteria. Ipsilateral testicular pain developed in 11 patients (15.3%) and 2 patients (9.5%) in groups A and B, respectively. In most instances, the pain was mild to moderate in severity, started after 6 ± 2.1 and 4 ± 1.1 days postoperatively in groups A and B, respectively. Six patients in group A were evaluated with transscrotal ultrasonography that showed no abnormalities. All patients in both groups responded well to medical treatment. Conclusions: Post-LESS DN ipsilateral testicular pain is usually mild and self-limited. Preoperative patient education and discussion of the possibility of development of testicular pain and its management should be an integral component of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy informed consent.

Successful Endovascular Repair of Infectious External Iliac Artery Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm With Graft Preservation Post-Kidney Transplantation: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Allograft artery-infected pseudoaneurysm (PA) represents a rare but life-threatening complication of kidney transplantation (KT). A review of the literature, showed that nearly all these cases ended resulted in graft loss. We presented a case of post-KT-infected external iliac artery anastomotic PA successfully managed by endovascular stenting with graft preservation. Additionally, we reviewed the pertinent literature. METHOD: In this article, we described a hypertensive, 47-year-old man who presented 1 month post-cadaveric KT with acute kidney injury and gram-negative bacteremia secondary to a large infectious anastomotic PA of the external iliac artery. RESULTS: Because of favorable anatomy, successful arterial angio-stent fixation of the main renal artery PA, sparing the lower polar artery, was performed after 1 week of antibiotic and fungal coverage. CONCLUSION: Patient was discharged after 2 weeks with functioning graft. Graft function was stable after 3 months.

The Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Post-Kidney Transplantation, Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are widely used alternatives to warfarin, because they do not require routine monitoring and have better safety profile. There is limited experience for NOACs in organ transplant recipients. METHODS: This study assessed NOAC safety and efficacy among renal transplant recipients in a single center. A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted among the adult renal transplant recipients concomitantly administered calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus or cyclosporin) and NOACs between November 2015 and December 2019. RESULTS: The study included 16 patients divided into 2 equal groups on NOACs and warfarin. Male patients constitute 50% and 75% of the NOAC group and warfarin group, respectively, and 75% and 87.5% of cases are post living donor transplants in the NOAC group and warfarin group, respectively. In the NOAC group, the most common indication for anticoagulation was atrial fibrillation (62.5%), followed by deep vein thrombosis (37.5%), whereas in the warfarin group, the most common indication was atrial fibrillation (50%), followed by valve replacement (25%). In the NOAC group, 6 patients (75%) received rivaroxaban, 1 patient (12.5%) received dabigatran, and 1 patient (12.5%) received apixaban; 68.75% of patients were on a tacrolimus-based regimen. There were no thromboembolic events, rejection episodes, bleeding, or admissions due to NOAC adverse events. There were 3 cases of bleeding in the warfarin group. Calcineurin inhibitor levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly in the NOAC group (P = .34 and .96, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to warfarin, NOACs are well tolerated and effective for preventing and treating thromboembolic events in renal transplant recipients. A larger randomized controlled study is required.

Belatacept rescue therapy of CNI-induced nephrotoxicity, meta-analysis.

There is growing evidence about the potential favorable effects that can be obtained from converting the administration of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) to Belatacept in kidney transplantation recipients. We conducted a meta-analysis to formulate strong evidence from the current literature about this effect on kidney functions, as measured by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Our search was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, the clinical trials, and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number registries to obtain all studies that investigated the effect of post-transplantation CNIs conversion to Belatacept on kidney functions. Thirteen studies were finally included in the current study. The results showed a significant improvement in the eGFR following the conversion as compared to its value prior to it (MD = 10.41; 95% CI = 6.93, 13.90; P-value < 0.001). Although, there was no risk of bias among the pooled studies (P-value = 0.391), there was a significant heterogenity (I 2 = 80%; P value < 0.001). Serum creatinine levels showed no significant change following the conversion as compared to its value prior to it (MD = -1.22; 95% CI = -2.61, 0.16; P-value = 0.083). Nevertheless, a significant heterogeneity among the included studies was observed (I 2 = 87%; P-value = 0.005). Belatacept can be a good alternative to the CNI-based regimens following the kidney transplantation. The conversion to Belatacept resulted in an improvement in eGFR.

Serious Combination of Chronic Non Tamponade Uremic Pericardial Effusion, Hypotension, and Atrial Fibrillation on Living Donor Renal Transplantation: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Although pericardial effusions are not uncommon in patients with end-stage renal disease, uremic pericardial effusion (UPE) frequently remains unrecognized in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms. We present a case of post-living donor renal transplantation delayed graft function due to asymptomatic undiagnosed chronic nontamponade UPE. The patient developed dramatic intraoperative severe hypotension, electrolyte abnormalities, and atrial fibrillation. Prolonged intraoperative hypotension and allograft hypoperfusion caused mild acute tubular necrosis and postoperative delayed graft function that required 2 weeks to recover. The combination of chronic UPE, even without tamponade, hypotension, and atrial fibrillation could lead to significant hemodynamic instability during renal transplantation. More careful immediate pretransplantation cardiac evaluation and avoidance of intraoperative hypotension could prevent these serious consequences of silent UPE.s.

Calcineurin Inhibitors Nephrotoxicity Prevention Strategies With Stress on Belatacept-Based Rescue Immunotherapy: A Review of the Current Evidence.

BACKGROUND: A traditional narrative review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined the clinical implications, risk factors, and prevention of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) nephrotoxicity with stress on a belatacept-based rescue regimen. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO (Academic Search Ultimate), ProQuest (Central), and Excerpta Medical databases and Google scholar were searched using the keywords (CNI AND Nephrotoxicity prevention) OR ("Calcineurin inhibitor" AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Tacrolimus AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Ciclosporin AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (cyclosporine AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Belatacept) OR (CNI Conversion) for the period from 1990 to 2020. Fifty-five related articles and reviews were found. CONCLUSION: A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity could help in the individualization of therapy for and prevention of CNI nephrotoxicity. Identification of high-risk patients for CNI nephrotoxicity before renal transplantation enables better use and selection of immunosuppression with reduced adverse effects and, eventually, successful treatment of the kidney recipients. Belatacept conversion is a good and safe option in patients with deteriorating renal function attributed to CNI nephrotoxicity.

Outcome of Kidney Transplantation With Transumbilical Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Donor Nephrectomy: A Single-Center Experience.

AIM: The aim of this study is to present the outcome of kidney transplantation after laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESS DN) compared with conventional laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) in a single-center experience. METHODS: This retrospective study compares data from the initial experience with 110 consecutive LESS DN donors and their recipients (group A) with 205 consecutive conventional LDN donors and their recipients (group B). RESULTS: This study compared 110 LESS DNs completed in an 18-month period with 205 LDNs completed in the immediately preceding 42-month period. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon. In groups A and B, respectively, the incidence of immediate graft function was 90% vs 91.2%, slow graft function was 9% vs 5.3%, delayed graft function was 0.9% vs 2.9%, graft loss was 0.9% vs 2.9%, and death with a functioning graft was 0.9% vs 1.5%. The mean serum creatinine levels were 1.3 ± 0.93 mg/dL vs 1.4 ± 1.2 mg/dL (P = .447), 1.1 ± 0.33 mg/dL vs 1.2 ± 0.75 mg/dL (P = .184), and 1.05 ± 0.25 mg/dL vs 1.1 ± 0.39 mg/dL (P = .224) at 7, 30, and 365 days after transplantation. The estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 88 ± 18.2 vs 83 ± 12.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P = .004). The mean donor operative times in groups A and B were 175.9 ± 24.9 minutes vs 199.88 ± 37.06 minutes (P = .0001), respectively, and the mean warm ischemia time was 5.2 ± 1.02 minutes vs 3.64 ± 1.38 minutes, respectively (P = .0001). The mean body mass index, the incidence of complex vascular anatomy, and the rate of complications were the same in the 2 donor groups. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of kidney transplantation after LESS DN is comparable to conventional LDN. LESS DN can be employed as the primary approach for kidney donation with low donor risk and without compromising recipient outcomes.

Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy: evolving trends.

BACKGROUND: We report our experience with laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESS DN). METHODS: Retrospective comparative study of data from 200 Consecutive left LESS DN (group A) compared to 205 consecutive conventional laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) (group B). Standard laparoscopic instruments were used in all patients. Right nephrectomies were excluded. RESULTS: From 05/2015 to 12/2017, 200 LESS DN (group A) and from 10/2011 till 04/2015, 205 LDN (group B) were performed. In group A and B, respectively, the mean operative time was 175.9 ± 24.9 versus 199.88 ± 37.06 min (p = 0.0001), the mean warm ischemia time was 5.2 ± 1.02 versus 3.64 ± 1.38 min (p = 0.0001), the mean BMI was 24.8 ± 4.5 versus 25.2 ± 4.7 kg/m2, complex vascular anatomy was found in 60 (30%) and 68 (33.2%), average length of incision was 5.2 versus 7.7 cm (p = 0.001), scar satisfaction rate 8 versus 6 (p = 0.004), mean morphine equivalents 81.0 versus 70.5 mg; (p = 0.03), average timing for return to work was 42 versus 50 days; (p = 0.001). There was no conversion to open surgery in both groups. One case converted to hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in group A. Pure LESS-DN was successfully completed in 169 patients (84.5%). In group A, due to technical difficulties, additional 1 or 2, 5-mm port(s) was added in 21 and 10 cases, respectively. Two negative explorations were performed in the first post-operative week for picture of small bowel obstruction. We had port site hernia in one donor, superficial wound infection in three donors and blood transfusion was required in two donors in group A. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with LESS-DN is encouraging. LESSDN can be integrated as a standard approach for renal donation without additional donor risk. Moreover, LESS DN gives more flexibility by possibility to add one or more 5-mm ports in case of technical difficulties.

A single-center 4-year experience with 47 pediatric renal transplants: Evolving trends.

Outcome of pediatric kidney transplantation (KT) has improved over the last several decades. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes pediatric KT in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center-Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Between May 2013 and November 2016, we performed renal transplantation in 47 children, 30 (64%) males, and 17 (36%) females. All patients received antibody induction with basiliximab or antithymocyte globulin along with triple immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Twenty-four (51%) and 14 (30%) patients were on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, respectively. Average duration on dialysis was 18.3 months. Nine patients (19%) had preemptive transplant. Forty-five patients (95.7%) received kidneys from living donors, 38 (83%) males and nine (17%) females, mean age (years), and body mass index were 30.8 ± 8.82 and 23.8 ± 4.54, respectively. Forty-one donors had left nephrectomy. Four right nephrectomies were reported, all of them were through open nephrectomy. Open nephrectomy was reported in 21 (46%) patients. Several laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques were performed; conventional laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, laparo-endoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy, and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 10, 11, and three patients, respectively. The most common etiologies of end-stage renal disease were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 19%, posterior urethral valve 8.5%, and congenital abnormalities 8.5% respectively. With a mean follow-up of 54 months, one and 4-year graft survival rates were 95.7% and 91.5%, respectively. One-and four-year patient survival rates were 100%. Outcomes were similar in patients < or ≥10 years. The graft survival was comparable in laparoscopic versus open donor nephrectomy (P = 0.72). Average serum creatinine was 0.85, 0.79, 0.79, and 0.84 at 7, 30, 90, 365 days, respectively. Four patients lost their graft due to renal vein thrombosis, chronic allograft nephropathy (cadaveric donor), Antibody-mediated rejection, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome at 0.75, 9, 19, and 24 months, respectively. The incidences of acute rejection and major infection were 2% and 4%, respectively. One patient developed posttransplant lympho-proliferative disease that was treated and is still with excellent graft function. Our pediatric KT experience is encouraging. Acute rejection, patient, and graft survival rates are similar and even better than many of western reports.

BK Polyomavirus Immune Response With Stress on BK-Specific T Cells.

Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy is a pertinent cause of poor renal allograft survival. Absence of defensive immunity toward BK polyomavirus may favor the occurrence of BK polyomavirus-active infection and influence the progression to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Humoral immune responses may offer incomplete protection. In this review, available data on both humoral and cellular immunity were examined, with a concentration on BK polyomavirus-specific T cells; in addition, their roles in BK polyomavirus cellular immune response and immunotherapy were discussed. This traditional narrative review used PubMed and Medline searches for English language reports on BK polyomavirus immune response and BK-specific T cells published between January 1990 and November 2017. The search included the key words BK virus, BK polyomavirus, immune and response, and specific T cells. Monitoring BK polyomavirus-specific T cells has both therapeutic and prognostic value. Innovative cellular immunotherapy approaches, including development of vaccinations and infectious recombinant BK polyomavirus, could further contribute to the prevention of BK polyomavirus infection and related diseases.

Eversion endarterectomy of the deceased donor renal artery to prevent kidney discard.

INTRODUCTION: Deceased donor (DD) kidneys exhibiting severe atherosclerosis involving the renal artery (RA) may represent a contraindication to kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS: Eversion endarterectomy (EE) was performed as a salvage procedure to permit KT. RESULTS: We identified 17 cases (1.2% of all DD KTs during the study period) involving EE of the DD RA. Thirteen (76.5%) kidneys were imported, and mean Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) was 81%. Mean DD age was 59 years, mean RA plaque length was 1.7 cm, and mean glomerulosclerosis on biopsy was 10%. Mean recipient age was 64 years, and dialysis vintage was 32 months. With a mean follow-up of 36 months, actual patient and graft survival rates were both 76.5%. One patient died early without a technical problem. Of the remaining 16 patients, 2-year patient and graft survival rates were both 100%. There were no early or late vascular complications. The incidence of delayed graft function was 35%. Mean serum creatinine and GFR levels in patients with functioning grafts at latest follow-up were 1.8 mg/dL and 40 mL/min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EE appears to be a safe and under-utilized procedure that may prevent discard of marginal donor kidneys and is associated with acceptable short-term outcomes.