Study of the salinity of groundwater in the HAHA syncline by the Kohonen self-organized classification (Essaouira, Morocco).

The coastal aquifer of the Essaouira syncline (Morocco) was studied to identify the main processes at the origin of the salinization of groundwater. In fact, a multicriteria analysis approach on hydrochemical data and physicochemical parameters of the Plio-Pleistocene aquifer was used to understand their spatio-temporal variation and their origins. Currently, integrated water resource management has become paramount to both local, regional, national, and international. This management is favored by extreme hydrological events (droughts or floods) which can have direct influences on human, economic, and political aspects. Appropriate management of a resource requires its evaluation. The statistical study by Kohonen's self-organized classification (SOM) of hydrochemical data for the years 1995 and 2009 is used to process 47 samples distributed over the Haha region; it showed an evolution of the values of the parameters. Physico-chemical is a function of time and space with an increase in the values of the parameters, from the center of the study area towards the southwest.

Assessment of the physicochemical water quality of the Moulouya River, Morocco, using the SEQ-Eau index.

Surface water is subject to strong anthropogenic pressures caused by the development and extension of agricultural activities and also by industrial and domestic activities. As a result, rational and sustainable management of water resources is necessary in order to protect them. The objective of this work is the use of geographic information system GIS and the application of the weighted index of the water quality evaluation system SEQ-Eau for the overall assessment of the physicochemical quality of surface waters of the Moulouya River. First, a cartographic representation of the study area was produced with the development of quality maps for the various alterations relating to acidification, temperature, mineralization, phosphorus materials, and organic and oxidizable materials. The overall quality map is generated from the lowest index of all the alterations considered. The results generally show surface water of excellent quality in the Upper Moulouya and of average to poor quality in the Middle and Lower Moulouya. The alteration of water, linked mainly to mineralization and phosphorus nutrients, organic and oxidizable matter, reveals a domestic type pollution in relation to urban wastewater and agricultural discharges in addition to the impact of the geological substratum of the watershed. The seasonal impact is influenced by the increase in the degree of deterioration of water quality due to the increase in the concentration of pollutants and the decrease in precipitation during the summer season.