Apexification, apexogenesis and regenerative endodontic procedures: a review of the literature.

AIM: Aim of this paper was to present the therapeutical approaches to the management of the immature apex and discuss the evolution of materials and techniques. METHODS: A Medline search was performed limited to human studies published. The keywords searched were apexogenesis, apexification, pulp regeneration, revascularization. RESULTS: Apexogenesis and apexification techniques using Calcium hydroxide or MTA give a high succes rate. Recent regeneration procedures may be helpful for apexification in non vital elements. CONCLUSION: Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard material used in apexogenesis and apexification. New technologies are promoting the growing interest in strategies used for vitality preservation and pulp regeneration.