Psychological inflexibility as a predictor associated with insomnia.

Psychological flexibility has recently attracted the attention of researchers in the field of sleep disorders; therefore, in the study, psychological flexibility was evaluated as a predictor or factor related to the presence/severity of insomnia. We included 2218 individuals selected from the randomized-control trial for behavioural therapy for insomnia and cross-sectional studies, including 1797 individuals with insomnia and 421 controls without insomnia. All participants completed the DSM-5-based insomnia diagnosis interview, Insomnia Severity Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Acceptance Action Questionnaire-II. Linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Sex, education, occupation, marital status, anxiety, depression and psychological inflexibility were possible predictors or factors associated with the severity of insomnia. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that sex (𝛽 = 0.88; t = 2.80; p = 0.005), depression (𝛽 = 0.41; t = 10.7; p < 0.001), anxiety (𝛽 = 0.58; t = 14.1; p < 0.001) and psychological inflexibility (𝛽 = 0.09; t = 5.07; p < 0.001) were predictors of insomnia. The results of the multinomial logistic regression demonstrate that, in comparison to the absence of insomnia, insomnia at all levels (mild, moderate and severe) was associated with sex, anxiety and depression. Psychological inflexibility was only associated with severe insomnia (odds ratio = 1.04). These findings are important from a public health perspective because behavioural strategies designed to treat insomnia with a focus on psychological flexibility are low-cost and may help improve sleep quality in adults with insomnia, which also influences mental health.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of protocols for acceptance and commitment therapy for insomnia (ACT-I) and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in adults. METHOD: Participants were 37 adults (74.3% women; M = 43.7 years, SD = 10.7) with chronic insomnia who were randomized to 6 weekly group sessions consisting of ACT-I (n = 19) or CBT-I (n = 18). The primary outcome measures were based on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) total score, a measure of insomnia complaints, and included the proportions of treatment responders (defined as a change in score of 8 points or more) and remitters (defined as a final score below 8). RESULTS: Both treatment modalities significantly reduced insomnia severity. Post-treatment, the proportion of treatment responders was higher in the CBT-I than the ACT-I (64.7% vs. 50.0%, respectively) group and six months later, ACT-I made further improvements whereas CBT-I had a reduced treatment response (58.8% vs. 55.6%, respectively). CBT-I was associated with a higher proportion of insomnia remission at post treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Both CBT-I and ACT-I are effective, with a higher proportion of insomnia remitters in CBT-I post-treatment. The different change trajectories for the two therapy groups provide insights into behavioral change via a cognitive versus contextual approach.

A systematic review with meta-analyses of the relationship between recurrent binge eating and sleep parameters.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems are known to compound the negative effects of other health issues, such as eating disorders and the associated behavior of binge eating. Previous studies suggested associations between binge eating and sleep problems, but the strength of the relationship is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review with meta-analyses examining the relationship between binge eating and sleep parameters. We searched for studies in Scopus, PubMed, and PsycInfo. The quality of evidence, including risk of bias, was assessed with adaptations of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies, depending on study design. Data was synthesized as the difference in sleep between people who did or did not have binge eating. RESULTS: Thirty-one reports of studies met our eligibility criteria. Results are presented in 12 meta-analyses. In the 7 reports of studies (with 4448 participants) that assessed poor overall sleep quality, we found poorer overall sleep quality in people with binge eating compared to people without binge eating, with a standardized mean difference of 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.92; P < 0.001), which is a large effect size. In addition, we found evidence that people with binge eating had significantly greater hypersomnia/daytime sleepiness (7 reports of studies with 4370 participants), insomnia (5 reports of studies with 12,733 participants), and difficulty falling asleep (3 reports of studies with 4089 participants) compared to people without binge eating, with moderate effect sizes (standardized mean differences of 0.57-0.66). CONCLUSIONS: People with binge eating exhibit poorer overall sleep quality compared to people without binge eating, and may also exhibit greater hypersomnia/daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and difficulty falling asleep. It is recommended that healthcare professionals routinely screen for poor overall sleep quality when treating people with binge eating-and address sleep difficulties when present.

Cognitive and psychological factors associated with severe insomnia in Brazilian women: a cross-sectional study.

Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder in women. Sociodemographic, cognitive, and psychological factors may contribute to its severity. This study evaluated factors associated with severe insomnia in women with insomnia complaints. We evaluated 530 women aged 18-59 (mean = 40.5, SD = 10.2), who experienced insomnia complaints, using self-report instruments. Severe insomnia was defined as a score above 21 on the Insomnia Severity Index. Age, marital status, educational level, depression and anxiety, psychological inflexibility, and beliefs about sleep were assessed as potential factors associated with severe insomnia. Simple and multivariate analyses were conducted using binary logistic regression. Low education level (odds ratio; OR = 1.85 [1.27-2.69]), depression (OR = 2.17 [1.27-3.81]), psychological inflexibility (OR = 1.05 [1.02-1.08]), and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (OR = 1.04 [1.02-1.06]) were factors associated with severe insomnia scores in the multiple logistic regression model. These findings are important from a public health perspective, because behavioral strategies designed to treat insomnia with a focus on cognitive and psychological factors are low-cost treatments and may help improve sleep quality in women, which also influences mental health.

Fears in preschoolers: translation, reliability, and validity of the Fear Survey Schedule for Infant-Preschoolers (FSSIP) - Brazilian version.

OBJECTIVE: To translate the Fear Survey Schedule for Infants-Preschoolers (FSSIP) into Brazilian Portuguese and to examine its reliability and validity for assessing fears among Brazilian preschoolers. METHODS: Two independent bilingual professionals conducted translation and back-translation of the original survey. The translated version was used to assess 152 preschool children divided in two groups: Clinical - 71 children referred for treatment for nighttime fear, and Control - 81 children enrolled at kindergarten who had not been referred for any mental health service in the previous 6 months. All parents filled out the FSSIP, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5-5), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.949 (95% CI: 0.94-0.96) for the entire sample; 0.948 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96) for the Clinical Group, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96) for the Control Group. The mean score for fears was higher in the clinical group (60.19 vs. 51.53, t = -2.056; p = 0.042), indicating acceptable discriminate validity. We also found positive, moderate, and statistically significant correlations between FSSIP and most CBCL scores, indicating good convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the FSSIP showed good psychometric properties, and hence may be used in research and clinical settings to evaluate fears in preschoolers.

Fears in preschoolers: translation, reliability, and validity of the Fear Survey Schedule for Infant-Preschoolers (FSSIP) - Brazilian version

Abstract Objective To translate the Fear Survey Schedule for Infants-Preschoolers (FSSIP) into Brazilian Portuguese and to examine its reliability and validity for assessing fears among Brazilian preschoolers. Methods Two independent bilingual professionals conducted translation and back-translation of the original survey. The translated version was used to assess 152 preschool children divided in two groups: Clinical - 71 children referred for treatment for nighttime fear, and Control - 81 children enrolled at kindergarten who had not been referred for any mental health service in the previous 6 months. All parents filled out the FSSIP, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5-5), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.949 (95% CI: 0.94-0.96) for the entire sample; 0.948 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96) for the Clinical Group, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96) for the Control Group. The mean score for fears was higher in the clinical group (60.19 vs. 51.53, t = -2.056; p = 0.042), indicating acceptable discriminate validity. We also found positive, moderate, and statistically significant correlations between FSSIP and most CBCL scores, indicating good convergent validity. Conclusion The Brazilian Portuguese version of the FSSIP showed good psychometric properties, and hence may be used in research and clinical settings to evaluate fears in preschoolers.

Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Objective: To evaluate a protocol for acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia (ACT-BBI-I) in adults compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Methods: Forty-five adults with chronic insomnia were randomized to ACT-BBI-I or CBT-I. Both interventions were performed in six weekly group sessions. The common treatment elements in both protocols included stimulus control and sleep restriction. CBT-I is focused on the cognitive restructuring of maladaptive beliefs about sleep and the daytime effects of insomnia. ACT-BBI-I focuses on therapeutic processes of acceptance, availability, values, defusion, and commitment. The results were evaluated through the following instruments: a sleep diary, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale. Results: Both interventions had a significant positive impact on sleep patterns, insomnia, anxiety, beliefs about sleep, and psychological flexibility. All improvement was maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: The results suggest that integrating principles of ACT with behavioral techniques may be useful for treating insomnia. Further research should identify whether the principles of ACT result in added effectiveness compared to behavioral components alone. Clinical trial registration: RBR-7nc5wq

Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a protocol for acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia (ACT-BBI-I) in adults compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). METHODS: Forty-five adults with chronic insomnia were randomized to ACT-BBI-I or CBT-I. Both interventions were performed in six weekly group sessions. The common treatment elements in both protocols included stimulus control and sleep restriction. CBT-I is focused on the cognitive restructuring of maladaptive beliefs about sleep and the daytime effects of insomnia. ACT-BBI-I focuses on therapeutic processes of acceptance, availability, values, defusion, and commitment. The results were evaluated through the following instruments: a sleep diary, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale. RESULTS: Both interventions had a significant positive impact on sleep patterns, insomnia, anxiety, beliefs about sleep, and psychological flexibility. All improvement was maintained at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that integrating principles of ACT with behavioral techniques may be useful for treating insomnia. Further research should identify whether the principles of ACT result in added effectiveness compared to behavioral components alone. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-7nc5wq.

Association of LEP-rs7799039 and ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphisms with sleep duration in preschool age children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of leptin rs7799039 and adiponectin rs2241766 gene polymorphisms on daily sleep duration in 4-5-year-old children. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Predictors of Maternal and Infant Excess Body Weight - PREDI Study, a cohort study conducted in Joinville - Brazil. The current study is a cross-sectional study, which was carried out in the homes of the participants between July 2016 and August 2017. Total sleep time was self-reported by the mothers. The average total sleep time was classified according to the recommendation of the National Sleep Foundation for children aged 3-5 years: ≥10 or <10 h of sleep/day. Genotyping analysis was performed in blood samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. RESULTS: Of the 216 children included in the study, 167 (77.3%) and 49 (22.7%) had ≥10 and <10 h of sleep/day, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the average total sleep time as the number of risk alleles of the two polymorphisms increased (LEP: GG = 11 h18, GA = 10 h42, AA = 10 h15; ADIPOQ: TT = 11 h00, TG + GG = 10 h28). Interaction analysis showed a progressive increase in the odds of children sleeping <10 h/day at preschool age with an increasing number of risk alleles of the LEP and ADIPOQ polymorphisms (OR = 7.44, 95%CI, 2.45-22.55). CONCLUSIONS: We found a progressive increase in the odds of 4-5 year old children sleeping less than 10 h/day as the number of risk alleles of the LEP-rs7799039 and ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphisms increased, even after adjustment for other maternal and child characteristics.

Association of Maternal Depression and Anxiety Symptoms with Sleep Duration in Children at Preschool Age.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms on daily sleep duration in 4-5-year-old children. METHODS: Data were obtained from the PREDI Study, a larger cohort study conducted in Brazil. The current study is a cross-sectional study carried out in the homes of the participants between July 2016 and August 2017. The participants were submitted to anthropometric assessment and demographic, socioeconomic and psychological data were obtained. Total sleep time was self-reported by the women and classified as ≥ 10 or < 10 h of sleep/day. Maternal depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 216 children included in the study, 77.3% and 22.7% had ≥ 10 and < 10 h of sleep/day, respectively. Regarding the women, 20.0% and 19.5% had moderate/severe depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Moderate/severe symptoms of maternal depression were associated with < 10 h of sleep/day (p = 0.034). Unadjusted analysis showed that children whose mothers had moderate/severe depression symptoms were significantly more likely to sleep < 10 h/day at 4-5 years of age than those whose mothers had minimal/mild depression symptoms (OR 2.38, p = 0.037). This association continued to be significant and increased to an OR of 3.99 (p = 0.006) after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Our study showed that sleeping less than 10 h/day at preschool age was associated with moderate/severe maternal depression symptoms. These results are important from a public health perspective since strategies designed to treat depression in women with school-age children may help improve their child's sleep quality and, consequently, his cognitive performance and related behavioral and emotional problems in the future.

Behavioral intervention for sleep problems in childhood: a Brazilian randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems are common in children and can have an effect on behavioral and emotional functioning. Despite the importance of sleep for children's health, there is a lack of studies on this topic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral intervention for sleep problems in young children and to investigate the effects on their daytime behavior. METHODS: Sixty-two children (ages 1-5; M = 2.3, SD = 1.3) with bedtime problems and night waking were randomized to a parent-based intervention or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. The intervention was composed of five sessions over 2 months, during which the parents were educated on their child's sleep and received guidance on the establishment of sleeping schedules and routines and on the use of extinction and positive reinforcement techniques. Sleep patterns and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Sleep patterns were also assessed with actigraphy. Assessments were completed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Children who received intervention showed greater baseline to post-treatment improvements in sleep latency, night waking, behavior such as resisting going to bed, the desire to sleep with their parents, and daytime behavior than the control group. These improvements were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that behavioral parent-based intervention is effective in improving the quality of sleep and the diurnal behavior of children. This study provides initial support for use of this protocol in psychology clinics/schools. Brazilian clinical trials registration, RBR-4kxxd5. Retrospectively registered on December 13, 2016.