Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) may be defined as Acute Renal Failure (ARF) that occurs within 24-72h of exposure to intra-venous or intra-arterial iodinated contrast media that cannot be attributed to other causes. CIN occurs in up to 5% of hospitalized patients with normal renal function prior to injection of contrast media. It occurs more frequently in patients with renal impairment particularly if associated with diabetic nephropathy. Among all procedures utilizing contrast agents for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions are associated with the highest rates of CIN. Trimetazidine has been described as a cellular anti-ischemic agent. Previous studies demonstrated that Trimetazidine prevents the deleterious effects of ischemia-reperfusion at both the cellular and mitochondrial levels and exerts an anti-oxidant effect. It inhibits excess release of oxygen free radicals, limits cellular acidosis, protects Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores, reduces membrane lipid peroxidation and inhibits neutrophil infiltration. AIM: To evaluate the role of Trimetazidine (TMZ) in prevention of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with renal impairment undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted on one hundred patients having a basal creatinine clearance below 90ml/min and presenting for coronary angiography procedures. The patients were divided into two equal groups each including fifty patients where both groups received parenteral hydration in the form of isotonic saline at a rate of 1mg/kg body weight per hour starting 12h before angiography and up to 12h thereafter. In Group 1, patients received additional medication in the form of trimetazidine 35mg twice daily for 72h and starting 48h before the procedure which was not received in group 2 (control). There was a significant difference regarding the rate of CIN among TMZ versus control groups (10% vs. 26%). The amount of contrast was significantly higher in the CIN group (165.00±108.41 vs 89.85±38.60, P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Administration of trimetazidine in a dose of 35mg twice daily orally in conjunction with standard early saline hydration is an effective method to prevent or reduce the incidence of contrast-induced renal dysfunction following the administration of contrast media during coronary angiography procedures in patients with mild-moderate basal renal insufficiency.

Prevalence and predictors of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients undergoing elective coronary procedures.

This study explored the prevalence and predictors of renal artery stenosis in a cohort of 525 hypertensive patients referred for elective coronary procedures. Patients underwent coronary and renal arteriography. The study defined renal artery stenosis as > or =60% luminal obstruction (physiologic or hemodynamic significance was not tested). Patients were classified into groups of those with normal renal arteries, those with insignificant renal artery stenosis, and individuals with significant renal artery stenosis. The mean age was 52.6+/-8.5 years, and 403 (76.8%) were males. Significant renal artery stenosis was found in 3.6%. It correlated significantly with hypertension duration (P=.005), history of cerebrovascular stroke (P=.01), history of angioplasty to >1 coronary vessel (P=.003), and 3-vessel coronary disease (P=.0003). Multivariate regression analysis identified 2-vessel and 3-vessel coronary artery disease as independent predictors of renal artery stenosis, with odds ratios of 4.9 and 12.1, respectively. It was concluded that invasive screening for renal artery stenosis was probably warranted only in hypertensive patients with multivessel coronary disease referred for elective coronary procedures.