Correction: Synthesis, docking and biological evaluation of purine-5-N-isosteres as anti-inflammatory agents.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D4RA02970D.].

Synthesis, docking and biological evaluation of purine-5-N-isosteresas anti-inflammatory agents.

An operationally simple one-pot three-component and convenient synthesis method for a series of diverse purine analogues of 5-amino-7-(substituted)-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine-2-carboxamide derivatives generated in situ via the reaction of 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-thioxoacetamide, cyanoguanidine and a variety of aldehydes was achieved under green conditions. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the newly synthesized compounds using indomethacin as a reference medication; all compounds were tested for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using the inhibition of albumin denaturation, RBC hemolysis technique and COX inhibition assay. The results showed that all evaluated compounds exhibited significant in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy leading to excellently effective RBC membrane stabilization, inhibition of protein denaturation, and inhibition of COX enzymes when compared to those of indomethacin. At concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 µg ml-1, these compounds decreased COX-1 and COX-2 activities more than indomethacin and have IC50 values in the range of 40.04-87.29 µg ml-1 for COX-1 and 27.76-42.3 µg ml-1 for COX-2 while indomethacin showed IC50 = 91.57 for COX-1 and 42.66 µg ml-1 for COX-2. The anti-inflammatory findings show the need for more investigation to define the properties underlying the evaluated compounds' anti-inflammatory abilities. The enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2) (PDB ID: 5IKT) was docked with ten synthetic substances. With docking scores (S) of -8.82, -7.82, and -7.76 kcal mol-1, 7-furan triazolo-triazine (4), 7-(2-hydroxy phenyl) triazolo-triazine (11), and 7-(4-dimethylamino phenyl) triazolo-triazine (12) had the greatest binding affinities, respectively. Therefore, these substances have COX-2 (PDB ID: 5IKT) inhibitory capabilities and hence may be investigated for COX 2 targeting development. Furthermore, both the top-ranked compounds (4 and 11) and the standard indomethacin were subjected to DFT analysis. The HOMO - LUMO energy difference (ΔE) of the mentioned compounds was found to be less than that of indomethacin.

Thiadiazole/Thiadiazine Derivatives as Insecticidal Agent: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Assessment of 1,3,4-(Thiadiazine/Thiadiazole)-Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as IGRs Analogues against Spodoptera littoralis.

In keeping with our investigation, a simple and practical synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds with a sulfamoyl moiety that can be employed as insecticidal agents was reported. The compound 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-thioxoacetamide 1 was coupled smoothly with triethylorthoformate or a variety of halo compounds, namely phenacyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, chloroacetaldehyde, chloroacetone, 1,3-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl chloroformate, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, and chloroanil respectively, which afforded the 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives. The new products structure was determined using elemental and spectral analysis. Under laboratory conditions, the biological and toxicological effects of the synthetic compounds were also evaluated as insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Compounds 3 and 5 had LC50 values of 6.42 and 6.90 mg/L, respectively. The investigated compounds (from 2 to 11) had been undergoing molecular docking investigation for prediction of the optimal arrangement and strength of binding between the ligand (herein, the investigated compounds (from 2 to 11)) and a receptor (herein, the 2CH5) molecule. The binding affinity within docking score (S, kcal/mol) ranged between -8.23 (for compound 5), -8.12 (for compound 3) and -8.03 (for compound 9) to -6.01 (for compound 8). These compounds were shown to have a variety of binding interactions within the 2CH5 active site, as evidenced by protein-ligand docking configurations. This study gives evidence that those compounds have 2CH5-inhibitory capabilities and hence may be used for 2CH5-targeting development. Furthermore, the three top-ranked compounds (5, 3, and 9) and the standard buprofezin were subjected to density functional theory (DFT) analysis. The highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy difference (ΔE) of compounds 5, 3, and 9 was found to be comparable to that of buprofezin. These findings highlighted the potential and relevance of charge transfer at the molecular level.

An efficient eco-friendly, simple, and green synthesis of some new spiro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases: drug-likeness, pharmacophore, molecular docking, and DFT exploration.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe respiratory illness. There is no specific treatment for COVID-19, and the development of new drugs is urgently needed. PROBLEM STATEMENT: The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme is a critical viral enzyme that plays a vital role in viral replication. The inhibition of Mpro enzyme can be an effective strategy for developing new COVID-19 drugs. METHODOLOGY: An efficient operationally simple and convenient green synthesis method had been done towards a series of novel spiro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-carboxamide derivatives, in ethanol at room temperature in green conditions, up to 90% yield. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were verified using spectroscopic methods.The title compounds were subjected to in silico analysis, including Lipinski's rule and ADMET prediction, in addition to pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking against the active site of SARS-CoV-2 target main protease (Mpro) enzyme (6LU7). Furthermore, both of the top-ranked compounds (5 and 6) and the standard Nirmatrelvir were subjected to DFT analysis. FINDINGS: The synthesized compounds exhibited good binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme, with binding energy scores ranging from - 7.33 kcal/mol (compound 6) and - 7.22kcal/mol (compound 5) to - 6.54 kcal/mol (compounds 8 and 9). The top-ranked compounds (5 and 6) had lower HOMO-LUMO energy difference (ΔE) than the standard drug Nirmatrelvir. This highlights the potential and relevance of charge transfer at the molecular level. RECOMMENDATION: These findings suggest that the synthesized spiro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-carboxamide derivatives could be potential candidates for COVID-19 drug development. To confirm these drugs' antiviral efficacy in vivo, more research is required. With very little possibility of failure, this proven method could aid in the search for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic's desperately needed medications.

Green synthesis, biological and molecular docking of some novel sulfonamide thiadiazole derivatives as potential insecticidal against Spodoptera littoralis.

Although crop plants provide the majority of human food, pests and insects frequently cause huge economic losses. In order to develop innovative insecticidal compounds with low toxicity and a positive environmental impact, we developed new N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives (2-12). With the use of spectroscopic techniques and elemental data, the chemical structure of these new compounds was meticulously clarified. The toxicological and biological effects of the synthesized compound of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) under laboratory conditions were also investigated. Regarding the determined LC50 values, compounds 3, 7, 8, and 10 showed the most potent toxic effect with LC50 values of 29.60, 30.06, 27.65 and 29.01 ppm, respectively. A molecular docking investigation of twelve synthetic compounds (from compound 2 to compound 12) was performed against AChE (Acetylcholinesterase). There was a wide range of binding affinities shown by these compounds. This work suggests that these substances may have insecticidal and AChE inhibitory properties, and it may be possible to further explore them in the process of creating pesticides that target AChE.

Novel 2-Acetamido-2-ylidene-4-imidazole Derivatives (El-Saghier Reaction): Green Synthesis, Biological Assessment, and Molecular Docking.

El-Saghier reaction is the novel, general, and green reaction of various amines with ethyl cyanoacetate and ethyl glycinate hydrochloride. A new series of imidazolidin-4-ones and bis-N-(alkyl/aryl) imidazolidin-4-ones was synthesized in a sequential, one-pot procedure under neat conditions for 2 h at 70 °C. Excellent high yields (90-98%) were achieved in a short period of time while avoiding issues related to the hazardous solvents utilized (cost, safety, and pollution). The spectrum analyses and elemental data of the newly synthesized compounds helped us to clarify their structures. The obtained compounds were tested for antibacterial activity in vitro and compared to the standard antibiotic chloramphenicol as the standard, measuring the inhibition zone (nm) and activity index (%). With an antibacterial percentage value of 80.0 against Escherichia coli, N,N'-(propane-1,3-diyl) bis(2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-yl) acetamide) proved to be the most effective. Antimicrobial activity was confirmed by a molecular docking investigation to investigate how chemicals bind to the bacterial FabH-CoA complex in E. coli (PDB ID: 1HNJ).

Synthesis and insecticide evaluation of some new oxopropylthiourea compounds as insect growth regulators against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis.

In this project we aim to share in increasing the production of the most important non-food agricultural product i.e. cotton via protection of it is plant. The usage of safe alternatives to the pesticides has become crucial due to several serious issues associated with the use of insecticides. Therefore, the families of new eco-friendly organic compounds that contain manly oxopropylthiourea scaffold will synthesis in their pure state by using green procedures. This compounds includes (i) poly functional substituted oxopropylthiourea, (ii) dihydroquinoline carboxylic acid, In second category, the structure of this compounds which may be related to the most famous insect growth regulators insecticides, will confirmed by elemental and modern spectroscopic analyses (such as IR, UV, 1HNMR and 13CNMR). In the final category, the synthesized compounds was checked toward the second & forth instar larvae of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. The present data proved that values of LC50 of the most effected synthesized compound 8 was 2.412 ppm in which LC50 for commercial lufenuron was 2.295 ppm. Component 8 may be particularly effective due to the presence of fluorophenyl, cyanoacetamide, and carboxalic acid groups in their chemical makeup. In an additional effort to slightly improve insecticidal compounds, evaluation of the latent effects of the examined components on a number of biological parameters, such as adult longevity, pupal weight, proportion of normal, deformed pupae, & adult emergency, fecundity, & egg hatchability, was carried out.

Spiro heterocycles bearing piperidine moiety as potential scaffold for antileishmanial activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies.

New spiro-piperidine derivatives were synthesised via the eco-friendly ionic liquids in a one-pot fashion. The in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major promastigote and amastigote forms highlighted promising antileishmanial activity for most of the derivatives, with superior activity compared to miltefosine. The most active compounds 8a and 9a exhibited sub-micromolar range of activity, with IC50 values of 0.89 µM and 0.50 µM, respectively, compared to 8.08 µM of miltefosine. Furthermore, the antileishmanial activity reversal of these compounds via folic and folinic acids displayed comparable results to the positive control trimethoprim. This emphasises that their antileishmanial activity is through the antifolate mechanism via targeting DHFR and PTR1. The most active compounds showed superior selectivity and safety profile compared to miltefosine against VERO cells. Moreover, the docking experiments of 8a and 9a against Lm-PTR1 rationalised the observed in vitro activities. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable and high potential binding to Lm-PTR1.

Synthesis, characterization, in silico molecular docking, and antibacterial activities of some new nitrogen-heterocyclic analogues based on a p-phenolic unit.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles have shown pharmacological properties against various diseases. Herein, in our study, flavoHB enzyme is a highly promising well-validated target for identification of antibacterial inhibitors using in silico and in vitro techniques. To identify a new class of antimicrobial agents, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide was utilized as a precursor in the synthesis of several nitrogen-based heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazole) attached to p-phenolic substrates 2-8. Treatment of 3-oxobutanimide 1 with malononitrile and/or ethyl cyanoacetate in ethanolic piperidine afforded the pyridinone analogues 2a,b. On the other hand, treatment of 1 with arylidene cyanothioacetamide furnished the pyridinthione derivative 3. The reaction of starting material 1 with salicylaldehyde and/or dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) yielded the pyridinones 4 and 5, respectively. Reaction of 1 with terephthalaldehyde and urea or thiourea gave bis structures 6a,b. The reaction of compound 1 with ethyl isothiocyanate and hydrazine hydrate afforded pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives 7 and 8, respectively. The structures of newly prepared compounds 2-8 were elucidated using elemental data and spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS. In addition, an in-house nitrogen-containing heterocycle analogues library 2-8 was examined and screened in vitro for their antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Kocuria kristinae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Bacillus cereus. Compounds 6a and 6b have also shown the highest antibacterial activity against all types of bacteria strains tested except Kocuria kristinae. Further, the molecular docking study of the newly prepared compounds with the target enzyme flavohemoglobin (flavoHB) was undertaken to explore their potential inhibitory activities. The results of the docking study indicated that compounds 6a and 6b have exerted the highest docking scores against the active site of flavoHB. As a result, the in vitro and molecular docking study findings suggested that the compounds 6a and 6b (with pyrimidine moiety, amide linkage, and phenolic substrate) might be potent bacterial flavohemoglobin (flavoHB) inhibitors and they could set a promising starting point for future design of antibacterial agents.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione-linked ciprofloxacin derivatives with broad-spectrum antibacterial, MRSA and topoisomerase inhibitory activities.

A series of ciprofloxacin/thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids 3a-m were prepared and identified by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity results of the designed hybrids revealed a shift of spectrum toward Gram-positive bacteria. They exhibited excellent activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538, with the most potent compounds being 3a, 3e, 3g, 3i, 3k, 3l and 3m possessing MICs of 0.02, 2.03, 0.64, 0.35, 1.04, 0.22 and 0.36 µM, respectively, compared to their parent compound ciprofloxacin (MIC: 5.49 µM). They also showed interesting activity against MRSA AUMC 261 with 3a, 3e and 3l showing MIC values of 5 nM. Reduced activity was observed against Gram-negative bacteria with compound 3l exhibiting a slightly higher activity against K. pneumoniae ATCC10031 with a MIC value of 0. 08 µM. Mechanistically, the incorporation of thiazolidine-2,4-dione ring into ciprofloxacin retained its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis via inhibiting both topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase of S. aureus. Compounds 3a, 3l and 3m were more potent than ciprofloxacin for topoisomerase IV (IC50 = 0.3-1.9 µM) and gyrase (IC50 = 0.22-0.31 µM) inhibition, which coincide with their antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538. Docking against DNA gyrase active site confirmed the ability of the tested compounds to form stable complexes with the enzyme; like that of ciprofloxacin, 3a, 3i, 3k, 3m and 3l reconsidered promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents targeting topoisomerase IV and gyrase enzymes and have good activity against MRSA.

Synthesis, DFT Calculations, Antiproliferative, Bactericidal Activity and Molecular Docking of Novel Mixed-Ligand Salen/8-Hydroxyquinoline Metal Complexes.

Despite the common use of salens and hydroxyquinolines as therapeutic and bioactive agents, their metal complexes are still under development. Here, we report the synthesis of novel mixed-ligand metal complexes (MSQ) comprising salen (S), derived from (2,2'-{1,2-ethanediylbis[nitrilo(E) methylylidene]}diphenol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline (Q) with Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Al(III), and La(III). The structures and properties of these MSQ metal complexes were investigated using molar conductivity, melting point, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-VIS, mass spectra, and thermal analysis. Quantum calculation, analytical, and experimental measurements seem to suggest the proposed structure of the compounds and its uncommon monobasic tridentate binding mode of salen via phenolic oxygen, azomethine group, and the NH group. The general molecular formula of MSQ metal complexes is [M(S)(Q)(H2O)] for M (II) = Co, Ni, and Cd or [M(S)(Q)(Cl)] and [M(S)(Q)(H2O)]Cl for M(III) = La and Al, respectively. Importantly, all prepared metal complexes were evaluated for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The metal complexes exhibited high cytotoxic potency against human breast cancer (MDA-MB231) and liver cancer (Hep-G2) cell lines. Among all MSQ metal complexes, CoSQ and LaSQ produced IC50 values (1.49 and 1.95 µM, respectively) that were comparable to that of cisplatin (1.55 µM) against Hep-G2 cells, whereas CdSQ and LaSQ had best potency against MDA-MB231 with IC50 values of 1.95 and 1.43 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the metal complexes exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against a wide spectrum of both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial and fungal strains. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacies for the MSQ metal complexes, the free S and Q ligands, and the standard drugs gentamycin and ketoconazole decreased in the order AlSQ > LaSQ > CdSQ > gentamycin > NiSQ > CoSQ > Q > S for antibacterial activity, and for antifungal activity followed the trend of LaSQ > AlSQ > CdSQ > ketoconazole > NiSQ > CoSQ > Q > S. Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding of the synthesized compounds with breast cancer oxidoreductase (PDB ID: 3HB5). According to the data obtained, the most probable coordination geometry is octahedral for all the metal complexes. The molecular and electronic structures of the metal complexes were optimized theoretically, and their quantum chemical parameters were calculated. PXRD results for the Cd(II) and La(III) metal complexes indicated that they were crystalline in nature.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and In Silico Molecular Docking Approach of Some New Quinoline Derivatives as Potential Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents.

A new series of quinoline derivatives 5-12 were efficiently synthesized via one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) of resorcinol, aromatic aldehydes, ß-ketoesters, and aliphatic/aromatic amines under solvent-free conditions. All products were obtained in excellent yields, pure at low-cost processing, and short time. The structures of all compounds were characterized by means of spectral and elemental analyses. In addition, all the synthesized compounds 5-12 were in vitro screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Moreover, in silico molecular docking studies of the new quinoline derivatives with the target enzymes, human NAD (P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) and DNA gyrase, were achieved to endorse their binding affinities and to understand ligand-enzyme possible intermolecular interactions. Compound 9 displayed promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity, as well as it was found to have the highest negative binding energy of -9.1 and -9.3 kcal/mol for human NAD (P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) and DNA gyrase, respectively. Further, it complied with the Lipinski's rule of five, Veber, and Ghose. Therefore, the quinoline analogue 9 could be promising chemical scaffold for the development of future drug candidates as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel 1,2-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines bearing amino acid moiety.

A new series of [1,2,4]-triazole bearing amino acid derivatives 2a-d-9a-d were synthesized under green chemistry conditions via multicomponent reaction using lemon juice as an acidic catalyst. The obtained compounds were characterized by different spectral and elemental analyses. The obtained candidates showed promising antibacterial activity against some standard bacteria and multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. In contrast to the reference drugs cephalothin and chloramphenicol, the tested compounds showed substantial better MIC values towards the tested MDR strains. The most active compounds 3c, 8a and 9d against MDR bacteria were tested for MBC and MIC index, the results indicted the bacteriostatic activity of these compounds. The most active compounds 2c, 2d, 3c, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d showed a high selectivity index towards antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae and MRSA1 compared to mammalian cells, suggesting a good safety profile.

Crystal structure of poly[di-µ-aqua-{5-[(1Z)-2-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1-cyano-ethenyl]-1,2,3,4-tetra-zol-1-ido-κN (1)}sodium].

In the title compound, [Na(C10H5ClN5)(H2O)2] n , infinite chains of [Na(H2O)2](+) cations having a diamond-shaped cross-section and running parallel to the b axis are formed. O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds to the anions generate layers parallel to (100) which have the chloro-benzene-cyano-ethenyl substituents protruding from both surfaces. The sodium ion makes a short contact of 2.4801 (13) Šwith the N atom of the tetra-zolide ring which is syn to the cyano N atom.

Ethyl 3-amino-5-anilino-4-cyano-thio-phene-2-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C14H13N3O2S, the dihedral angle between the thio-phene and phenyl rings is 24.95 (8)°. The mol-ecular structure is consolidated by intra-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯S inter-actions. The crystal structure features N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming centrosymmetric R 2 (2)(12) dimers, which are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (011) with an S(6)R 2 (2) S(6) motif. In addition, π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.7013 (12) Å] occur between the thio-phene and phenyl rings of adjacent mol-ecules.

2-(4-Oxo-3-phenyl-1,3-thia-zolidin-2-yl-idene)propanedi-nitrile.

In the title compound, C12H7N3OS, the five-membered 1,3-thia-zolidine ring is nearly planar [maximum deviation = 0.032 (2) Å] and makes a dihedral angle of 84.14 (9)° with the phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into infinite chains along [-101]. C-H⋯π inter-actions contribute to the arrangement of the mol-ecules into layers parallel to (101).

2,2'-[(1,3,4-Thia-diazole-2,5-di-yl)bis-(sulfanedi-yl)]diaceto-nitrile.

In the title compound, C6H4N4S3, the 1,3,4-thia-diazole ring is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.001 Å. The two N-C-S-C torsion angles in the mol-ecule are -23.41 (15) and 0.62 (14)°. One aceto-nitrile group is above the plane of the 1,3,4-thia-diazole ring and the other is below it, indicating syn and anti orientations. In the crystal, C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into ribbons along [010].

Thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes: Part 7. Some Heterocyclization Reactions with Ethyl 3,4-diamino-5-cyanothieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate.

Ethyl 3,4-diamino-5-cyanothieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (1) was treated with a mixture of carbon disulfide and halo compounds to give the corresponding bisthiazole and bisthiolane derivatives 2-4. Treatment of compound 1 with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran gave the corresponding 3,4-dipyrrol-1-ylthienothiophene (5). Condensation of compound 5 with hydrazine afforded the carbohydrazide derivative 6, which was treated with CS2 or PhNCS to afford oxadiazole or triazole derivatives 7a,b. The cycloaddition reaction of compound 5 with CS2 or PhNCS under phase transfer conditions gave 1,4-thiazepino- or 1,4-diazepinothieno[2,3-b]thiophenes 8 and 9, respectively. Basic hydrolysis of compound 1 yielded 3,4-diaminothieno[2,3-b]thiophene (10), which was subjected to react with different reagents to give the corresponding bispyrido- and bispyrrolothieno[2,3-b]thiophenes, and bisarylideneaminothieno[2,3-b]thiophenes 11-15, respectively.