On the neglected entity of unilateral gynecomastia.

Although there are many articles in the literature on the etiology, classification, and management of gynecomastia, the entity of unilateral gynecomastia has not received much attention. In this article, 15 consecutive males (seen over a 10-year period) with unilateral gynecomastia were retrospectively reviewed. The study showed the unique presentation in this group of patients. One third of the patients (n = 5) had "cancer phobia" and were worried either because of the presence of a mass (n = 2) or because of the unilaterality of their disease (n = 3). The study also showed the predominance of true (glandular) gynecomastia, and this has also been observed in other cases of unilateral involvement in the literature. All patients underwent preoperative mammography. Mammographic findings were consistent with gynecomastia in all patients, including the 2 patients with concurrent breast masses. All patients underwent subcutaneous mastectomy, and histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. Finally, the literature on unilateral gynecomastia was reviewed.

Identification of the spinal accessory nerve within the surgical field during primary exploration of the brachial plexus in infants with obstetric palsy.

This report describes our technique for identifying the spinal accessory nerve during primary exploration of the brachial plexus in infants with obstetric palsy.