Risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among children.

Intestinal parasites are endemic worldwide and have been described as constituting the greatest single worldwide cause of illness and disease. The effective prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections requires identification of local risk factors, particularly among high-risk groups. This study retrospectively analyzed demographic factors that may affect the prevalence of intestinal parasites among school children. Interviews, observation, and anthropometric indices assessment were used to identify the risk factors. The findings of the study showed that young age, female gender, and severe malnutrition, Poverty, illiteracy, poor hygiene, lack of access to potable water and hot and humid tropical climate are the factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections all correlated positively with increased rates of infection. Clinical visits were performed on 650 school children aged 5-15 years over a four-year period (2010-2013) in the Nahya Village, Giza Governorate. Stool specimens were examined using the formal ether concentration technique. Data were analysed using the SPSS statistical software. The results suggest that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among young children is highly dependent on the specific species of the parasite.

Cockroaches and flies in mechanical transmission of medical important parasites in Khaldyia Village, El-Fayoum, Governorate, Egypt.

The role of non-blood sucking insects in dissemination of human parasites was investigated in Khaldyia Village, Al-Fayoum Governorate over during the summer of 2011. A total of 278 American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), and 508 house flies Musca domestica var. vicina were collected. The insects were collected indoors and outdoors. Flies were abundant in defecation areas and around houses. The recovered zoonotic parasites identified were cysts of Entamoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium parvum and Balantidium coli, and eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Anchylostoma deodunale, Enterobius vermicularis, and Trichuris trichura as well as larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis.

The role of insects in mechanical transmission of zoonotic human parasites.

Arthropods can be found on human or animals as ecto-parasites as well as endo-parasites. The ecto-parasites or vectors can contaminate stored foods and transmit illness, or introduced diseases in new area. Pet species facilitating infestations, and different risk factors related to infestation were identified. Insect prevention and control is necessary to prevent the transmission of pathogens that could affect animal and human health and the maintenance of good hygiene. We conclude that although biological control looks promising, more research should be done concerning its side effects. Currently, optimal monitoring and prevention seem to offer the best solution.

Efficacy of two plant extracts against vaginal trichomoniasis.

Trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. Metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been developed. Treatment of patients with metronidazole refractory vaginal trichomoniasis constitutes a major therapeutic challenge and treatment options are extremely limited. In the present study, 33 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis females were treated with a combined course of metronidazole and tinidazole. Those still resistant to the combined treatment were given Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) as two capsules for six to eight successive days on an empty stomach two hours before breakfast. Also, natural plant extract purified from (Roman) was in-vitro investigated for its efficacy against T. vaginalis on fresh Diamond media. The anti-trichomoniasis vaginalis activity of both P. granatum (in-vitro) and C. molmol (in-vivo) extracts gave promising results.

External and intestinal parasites of pet dogs with reference to zoonotic toxocariasis.

Examination of 3000 pet dogs over two years at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine revealed external and internal parasites. The external parasites were Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ctenocephalus felis, Sarcoptes canis, and Sarcoptes scabiei. The internal parasites were Echinococcus granulosus, Dipylidium caninum, rare Heterophyes heterophyes, and Toxocara canis. Toxocara eggs were detected in 9.83%. The results were discussed with reference to zoonotic toxocariasis.

Molluscicidal Activity of Some Solanum Species Extracts against the Snail Biomphalaria alexandrina.

Background. Snails' species are associated with transmission parasitic disease as intermediate host. Biological control stands to be a better alternative to the chemical controls aimed against snails. The search of herbal preparations that do not produce any adverse effects in the non-target organisms and are easily biodegradable remains a top research issue for scientists associated with alternative molluscicides control. Method. Solvent extracts of fresh mature leaves of S. nigrum, S. villosum, and S. sinaicum were tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina, a common intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni. A phytochemical analysis of chloroform: ethanol extract was performed to search for active toxic ingredient. The lethal concentration was determined. Results. Extracts isolated from mature leaves of Solanum species were found to be having molluscicidal properties. S. nigrum extract was recorded as the highest mortality rate. When the mortality of different solvent extracts was compared, the maximum (P < .05) mortality was recorded at a concentration of 90 ppm of ethanol extract of S. nigrum. Conclusion. Extract of mature leaves of S. nigrum exhibited molluscicidal activity followed by S. sinaicum and the less one was S. villosum. The study provides considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources for snails' molluscicidal agents.

New concept of schistosomiasis lesions of urinary bladder versus development of bladder cancer.

Schistosomiasis haematobium precancerous lesions of urinary bladder included group 1: preneo-plastic non papillary (flat) lesions [reactive atypia, flat hyperplasia, keratinizing squamous metaplasia, glandular metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in-situ (CIS)] and group 2 preneoplastic papillary lesions (typical papillary hyperplasia, atypical papillary hyperplasia, papilloma). The present work studied the content of the schistosomiasis precancerous lesions of the urinary bladder using image analyzer, thereby shedding more light on the significance on the early diagnosis of the high risky group. A total of 140 previously diagnosed schistosomiasis urinary bladder lesions (124 precancerous and 16 cancers as controls) were stained by H & E, and Feulgen stain. The mean SPF was high in CIS (22.7), dysplasia (19.6) & low in atypia (7.91). DNA ploidy, non-diploidy DNA was high in CIS (53%), papilloma, dysplasia and atypical papillary hyperplasia than flat hyperplasia, glandular metaplasia, keratinizing squamous metaplasia and typical papillary hyperplasia that were diploid indicating more tendency and aggressiveness of the first group to turn malignant than the second group.

Parasitiosis in handicapped children in an Egyptian blind asylum.

Examination of visually handicapped children and their serving staff revealed in a descending order Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Cryptospodium parvum, Tricocephalus trichura and Strongyloides stercoralis. Head lice were encountered. But, neither blood parasites nor protozoan infective agent in water for human consumption.

Efficacy of ocular instillation of Fasciola hepatica crude adult antigen to diagnosis animal fascioliasis.

Locality prepared crude F. hepatica adult antigen for ocular instillation was evaluated in live sheep and buffaloes compared to stool examination and macroscopic examination of these animal after being slaughtered. Ocular instillation proved to be cheap, simple, time consuming, but could not replace stool examination, due to false positive cross reactions.

Hydatidosis granulosus in Egyptian slaughtered animals in the years 2000-2005.

Hydatidosis was investigated among camels, sheep, goats, and pigs in Egyptian official abattoirs, from August 2000 to August 2005, and among cows and buffaloes were in Mansoura official abattoirs, in the year 2005. One hundred randomly chosen animals of each species were subjected to serologic and histopathologic examinations for infections. The overall five years hydatidosis prevalence was 2.53%, 0.3% & 0.68% in camels, sheep & goats, and pigs respectively. The 2005 year prevalence in cows and buffaloes was 6.4% in Mansoura. There was a significant difference between animals regarding liver infection, but the difference was highly significant for lung infection. A highly significant difference in hydatid cysts size was between pigs and other animals species (p< 0.000) and a significant difference between macroscopic findings in pigs and camels (p=0.018). A high significant difference was between histopathology in all animals species except pigs and sheep & goats (p=0.089). IHAT showed highly significant difference between camels and other animals species (p<0.000). A significant histopathologic positive correlation was between positive IHAT and fertility (Pearson correlation =0.148, p=0.003). The results were photographed and discussed.

Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in man and animal in farms, Giza Governorate, Egypt.

To demonstrated the zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. A total of 189 farmers and their farm animals (200= 71 buffaloes, 59 cows, 43 sheep and 27 goats were examined. Stool samples Each stool sample was subjected to the direct wet smear method and Sheather's sugar flotation and acid-ether sedimentation techniques and stained with four stains (Modified Ziehl Neelsen, Safranin, methylene blue, Aniline carbol methyl violet and Giemsa). A positive statistically significant correlation was observed between farmers and their farm animals infected with cryptosporidium parvum proving a zoonotic potential for infection (r = 0.819 P <0.01 for cryptosporidiosis. For detection of Cryptosporidium, 100 % sensitivity was obtained when acid ether concentration technique was used and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain revealed highest sensitivity of 92.1 %.