Chlorogenic acid derived from Moringa oleifera leaf as a potential antiinflammatory agent against cryptosporidiosis in mice.

Cryptosporidiosis is a serious illness in immunodeficient patients, and there is still no drug that can completely remove the parasite from the host. The present study represents the first report investigating the impact of the active molecule chlorogenic acid (CGA), naturally isolated from Moringa oleifera leaf extract (EMOLE), on immunosuppressed, Cryptosporidium parvum-infected BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into five groups: normal mice, infected immunosuppressed mice, and infected immunosuppressed mice treated with EMOLE, CGA, and nitazoxanide (NTZ) drugs. Parasitological, immunological, and histopathological investigations were recorded besides differences in the mice' body weight. Infected control mice showed elevated levels of oocyst shedding throughout the study. The EMOLE- and CGA-treated groups showed 84.2% and 91.0% reductions in oocyst shedding, respectively, with no significant difference compared to the drug control. The inflammatory markers IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the infected control group. Treatment with 300 mg/kg/day of EMOLE or 30 mg/kg/day of CGA significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the infected group, although they did not change significantly compared to the NTZ-treated group. Histopathology of intestinal sections showed inflammatory and pathological changes in the infected control group. Low-grade tissue changes and an obvious improvement in villi structure were seen in mice treated with CGA. This study highlighted the role of CGA, isolated and purified from EMOLE, as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in eradicating C. parvum infection.

Chlorogenic acid derived from Moringa oleifera leaf as a potential antiinflammatory agent against cryptosporidiosis in mice

@#Cryptosporidiosis is a serious illness in immunodeficient patients, and there is still no drug that can completely remove the parasite from the host. The present study represents the first report investigating the impact of the active molecule chlorogenic acid (CGA), naturally isolated from Moringa oleifera leaf extract (EMOLE), on immunosuppressed, Cryptosporidium parvum-infected BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into five groups: normal mice, infected immunosuppressed mice, and infected immunosuppressed mice treated with EMOLE, CGA, and nitazoxanide (NTZ) drugs. Parasitological, immunological, and histopathological investigations were recorded besides differences in the mice’ body weight. Infected control mice showed elevated levels of oocyst shedding throughout the study. The EMOLE- and CGA-treated groups showed 84.2% and 91.0% reductions in oocyst shedding, respectively, with no significant difference compared to the drug control. The inflammatory markers IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the infected control group. Treatment with 300 mg/kg/day of EMOLE or 30 mg/kg/day of CGA significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the infected group, although they did not change significantly compared to the NTZ-treated group. Histopathology of intestinal sections showed inflammatory and pathological changes in the infected control group. Low-grade tissue changes and an obvious improvement in villi structure were seen in mice treated with CGA. This study highlighted the role of CGA, isolated and purified from EMOLE, as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in eradicating C. parvum infection.

Comparison of nebulised dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or midazolam for premedication in preschool children undergoing bone marrow biopsy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and midazolam for sedative premedication administered by nebuliser 30 min before general anaesthesia in preschool children undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. METHODS: Ninety children aged 3-7 yr were randomly allocated into three equal groups to be premedicated with either nebulised ketamine 2 mg kg-1 (Group K), dexmedetomidine 2 µg kg-1 (Group D), or midazolam 0.2 mg kg-1 (Group M). The primary endpoint was a five-point sedation score on arrival in the operating room 30 min after end of study drug administration. Secondary outcomes included: parental separation anxiety scale; medication and mask acceptance scales; haemodynamic variables; recovery time; postoperative face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability scale; emergence agitation scale; and adverse effects. RESULTS: The median (range) sedation score on arrival in the operating room was 3.5 (1-4), 2.0 (2-3) and 2.0 (1-3) in Groups M, D, and K, respectively (P=0.000). Subjects in Group D showed higher medication (P<0.03) and mask acceptance scores (P<0.015) and more satisfactory parental separation anxiety scale (P<0.044). The median (range) recovery time was significantly shorter in Group D [5.5 (4-8) min] compared with Group K [10.0 (5-15) min, P=0.000] and M [8.0 (6-15) min, P=0.000]. The incidence of emergence agitation was lower in Group D (P<0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Preschool children premedicated with nebulised dexmedetomidine had more satisfactory sedation, shorter recovery time, and less postoperative agitation than those who received nebulised ketamine or midazolam. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02935959.

Effect of local wound infiltration with ketamine versus dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and stress after abdominal hysterectomy, a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain and stress elicit hormonal changes. We aimed at comparing the effects of wound infiltration with ketamine versus dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and stress response. METHODS: This double-blinded study included ninety patients scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy and were randomly assigned into three groups to receive local wound infiltration with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine (group C), plus 2 mg/kg ketamine (group K) or 2 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (group D). Primary outcome was postoperative morphine consumption; secondary outcomes included first request of analgesia, VAS scores at rest and movement (VAS-R/M) and side effects. Serum cortisol, prolactin and glucose levels at baseline, pre-infiltration, 6 and 24 h postoperatively were measured. RESULTS: Rescue analgesia was less in K (6.80 ± 3.19 mg) and D (8.39 ± 3.86 mg) compared to C (13.33 ± 4.01 mg) (p < 0.05). First request of analgesia was delayed in K (7.60 ± 4.16 h) and D (6.00 ± 3.73 h) compared to C (4.20 ± 1.13 h) (p < 0.05). Both VAS and R/M were significantly lower in K (all over 24 h) and D (for 8 and 4 h, respectively) compared to C. Stress markers were significantly lower in K and D compared to C at 6 and 24 h, and in K compared to D at 24 h (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Local wound infiltration with ketamine or dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine had an opioid-sparing effect, delayed first request of rescue analgesia, and attenuated postoperative stress response, especially with ketamine in patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy.