Cysteine redox proteomics of the hemoglobin-depleted cytosolic fraction of stored red blood cells.

PURPOSE: Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) represent the most transfused labile blood products. They are stored at 4°C in additive solutions for up to 56 days. Protein oxidation is a marker of oxidative stress and cysteine residues, whose oxidations are required for physiological cell functions, are highly prone to such modification. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Five ECs from independent donations were followed. Soluble protein extracts were prepared at days 6, 27, and 41, and cysteines were alkylated, reduced, and labeled with infrared dyes. Samples were mixed two by two (day 6 as reference) and analyzed by 2D-DIGE. Detection of labeled cysteines allows quantitative comparison of oxidative status. Spots of interest were analyzed by proteomics. RESULTS: Thirty-two spots containing 43 proteins were classified as increasing, decreasing, or exhibiting a peak of expression during storage. Proteins having catalytic and antioxidant activities were particularly affected during storage, for example, peroxiredoxin-1 and DJ-1 were reversibly oxidized and catalase was irreversibly oxidized. These proteins could be used to evaluate different storage strategies to maintain proper protein function during the overall storage period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This redox-DIGE approach brings new quantitative data on oxidized proteins in stored red blood cells. As previously reported on carbonylation, the oxidative damages differently affect protein functions.

Effects of postmortem delays on protein composition and oxidation.

Human autopsy brain tissue is widely used to study neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other diseases. However, when it comes to an evaluation of data obtained from such tissue, it is essential to consider potential postmortem effects on protein composition, posttranslational modification and proteolysis with increasing postmortem delays. In this study, we analyzed mouse brain tissues with different postmortem delays (pmd) of 0 h, 6h and 24h, for changes in protein composition, proteolysis and modifications such as S-nitrosylation, carbonylation and ubiquitination. Proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were of special interest, including cytoskeletal and synaptic proteins or proteins involved in inflammation. Several proteins were fairly resistant to degradation during the first 6h but started to degrade thereafter. S-nitrosylation and carbonylation showed not much variation, except for those proteins that were susceptible to degradation. Brain spectrin was S-nitrosylated at death, and S-nitrosylated degradation fragments were measured at a pmd of 24h, indicating a susceptibility of brain spectrin to degradation. Furthermore, the physiological role of S-nitrosylation remains to be investigated. When studying human brain tissue, some proteins are more susceptible to degradation than others, while ubiquitination and carbonylation were little affected during the first 24h after death.

Oxidation and ubiquitination in neurodegeneration.

It is widely accepted that protein oxidation is involved in a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Especially during aging, a reduction in anti-oxidant defence mechanisms leads to an increased formation of free radical oxygen species and consequently results in a damage of proteins, including mitochondrial and synaptic ones. Even those proteins involved in repair and protein clearance via the ubiquitin proteasome and lysosomal system are subject to damage and show a reduced function. Here, we will discuss a variety of mechanisms and provide examples where cognition is affected and where repair mechanisms are no longer sufficient to compensate for a dysfunction of damaged proteins or even may become toxic. Next to physiological deficits, an accumulation of deficient proteins in aggresomes may occur and result in a formation of pathological hallmark structures typical for aging and disease. A major challenge is how to prevent aberrant oxidation, given that oxidation plays an essential role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly interesting are the possibilities to reduce the formation of radical oxygen species leading to a dysfunction of protein repair and protein clearance, or to a formation of toxic byproducts accelerating neurodegeneration.