Exploring the therapeutic potential of layered double hydroxides and transition metal dichalcogenides through the convergence of rheumatology and nanotechnology using generative adversarial network.

Two-dimensional Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are highly used in the biomedical domain due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled drug loading and release capabilities, and improved cellular permeability. The interaction of LDHs with biological systems could facilitate targeted drug delivery and make them an attractive option for various biomedical applications. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) requires targeted drug delivery for optimum therapeutic outcomes. In this study, stacked double hydroxide nanocomposites with dextran sulphate modification (LDH-DS) were developed while exhibiting both targeting and pH-sensitivity for rheumatological conditions. This research examines the loading, release kinetics, and efficiency of the therapeutics of interest in the LDH-based drug delivery system. The mean size of LDH-DS particles (300.1 ± 8.12 nm) is -12.11 ± 0.4 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was 48.52%, and the loading efficacy was 16.81%. In vitro release tests indicate that the drug's discharge is modified more rapidly in PBS at pH 5.4 compared to pH 5.6, which later reached 7.3, showing the case sensitivity to pH. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is used to analyze the drug delivery system in rheumatology. The GAN model achieved high accuracy and classification rates of 99.3% and 99.0%, respectively, and a validity of 99.5%. The second and third administrations resulted in a significant change with p-values of 0.001 and 0.05, respectively. This investigation unequivocally demonstrated that LDH functions as a biocompatible drug delivery matrix, significantly improving delivery effectiveness.

Single iterated fractal inspired UWB antenna with reconfigurable notch bands for compact electronics.

A simple, compact, and low-profile antenna operating over ultrawideband with high gain is presented in this manuscript. The antenna has dimensions of W × L = 19 mm × 21 mm and is placed on the rear side of the FR-4 substrate material. The antenna contains simple geometry, inspired from a circular fractals, which consists of a circular patch with a CPW feedline. The circular patch is loaded with two fractals patches at both top end of the substrate and the rectangular stub is loaded at the lower side, to improve the antenna's bandwidth. The constructed antenna offers a wide band of 3-13.5 GHz. The antenna geometry also contains three semicircular slots, which are etched to generate the notch bands. Each slot is etched step by step, giving notch bands at 3.9 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 8.1 GHz. In the final stage, two diodes are added to attain reconfiguration. The antenna offers moderate gain and high radiation efficiency. The hardware model of antenna is engineered to verify the simulated results. Moreover, the antenna is compared with other works in literature. The outcomes of the proposed antenna and comparison with the literature work make the suggested work the best candidate for future UWB portable devices.

Enhancing isolation performance of tilted Beam MIMO antenna for short-range millimeter wave applications.

The research paper discusses the detailed designing of a compact, simple, and low-profile antenna that provides several desirable features. The antenna is engineered by using a substrate material called Roger 6002, and its dimensions are 12 mm × 6 mm × 1.52 mm. The single antenna element achieves a wideband frequency coverage of 24-30.2 GHz and a high gain of 9 dBi. To enhance the antenna's capabilities, a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration is employed by adding a second antenna element orthogonal to the first one. Although the operational band remains the same, the isolation between the two elements is found to be unsatisfactory. A C-shaped decoupling structure is established to address this issue, which effectively improves the isolation. Including the parasitic patch enhances the isolation from -18 dB to -29 dB. An antenna hardware sample is built and tested to validate the recommended work, and the outcomes are compared to the predicted results obtained from the software. The experimental and simulated data exhibit close agreement, confirming the accuracy of the design. Additionally, this outstanding performance in bandwidth and isolation compares with existing literature, presented in the form of a table. Various MIMO parameters are also examined, and it is found that they fall within acceptable ranges. The antenna demonstrates an Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of approximately 0.005 and a Diversity Gain (DG) of around 9.99 dB. The recommended antenna design is highly suitable for future miniature devices used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

A Conformal Tri-Band Antenna for Flexible Devices and Body-Centric Wireless Communications.

A conformal tri-band antenna tailored for flexible devices and body-centric wireless communications operating at the key frequency bands is proposed. The antenna is printed on a thin Rogers RT 5880 substrate, merely 0.254 mm thick, with an overall geometrical dimension of 15 × 20 × 0.254 mm3. This inventive design features a truncated corner monopole accompanied by branched stubs fed by a coplanar waveguide. The stubs, varying in length, serve as quarter-wavelength monopoles, facilitating multi-band functionality at 2.45, 3.5, and 5.8 GHz. Given the antenna's intended applications in flexible devices and body-centric networks, the conformability of the proposed design is investigated. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is conducted using a four-layered human tissue model. Notably, the SAR values for the proposed geometry at 2.45, 3.5, and 5.8 GHz stand at 1.48, 1.26, and 1.1 W/kg for 1 g of tissue, and 1.52, 1.41, and 0.62 W/kg for 10 g of tissue, respectively. Remarkably, these values comfortably adhere to both FCC and European Union standards, as they remain substantially beneath the threshold values of 1.6 W/kg and 2 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g tissues, respectively. The radiation characteristics and performance of the antenna in flat and different bending configurations validate the suitability of the antenna for flexible devices and body-centric wireless communications.

Application of lipid and polymeric-based nanoparticles for treatment of inner ear infections via XGBoost.

Taking hearing loss as a prevalent sensory disorder, the restricted permeability of blood flow and the blood-labyrinth barrier in the inner ear pose significant challenges to transporting drugs to the inner ear tissues. The current options for hear loss consist of cochlear surgery, medication, and hearing devices. There are some restrictions to the conventional drug delivery methods to treat inner ear illnesses, however, different smart nanoparticles, including inorganic-based nanoparticles, have been presented to regulate drug administration, enhance the targeting of particular cells, and decrease systemic adverse effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles possess distinct characteristics that facilitate accurate drug delivery, improved targeting of specific cells, and minimized systemic adverse effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied for targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic drugs within specific cells. XGBoost model is used on the Wideband Absorbance Immittance (WAI) measuring test after cochlear surgery. There were 90 middle ear effusion samples (ages = 1-10 years, mean = 34.9 months) had chronic middle ear effusion for four months and verified effusion for seven weeks. In this research, 400 sets underwent wideband absorbance imaging (WAI) to assess inner ear performance after surgery. Among them, 60 patients had effusion Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), while 30 ones had normal ears (control). OME ears showed significantly lower absorbance at 250, 500, and 1000 Hz than controls (p < 0.001). Absorbance thresholds >0.252 (1000 Hz) and >0.330 (2000 Hz) predicted a favorable prognosis (p < 0.05, odds ratio: 6). It means that cochlear surgery and WAI showed high function in diagnosis and treatment of inner ear infections. Regarding the R2 0.899 and RMSE 1.223, XGBoost shows excellent specificity and sensitivity for categorizing ears as having effusions absent or present or partial or complete flows present, with areas under the curve (1-0.944).

Self-decoupled tri band MIMO antenna operating over ISM, WLAN and C-band for 5G applications.

For ISM, WLAN, and C-band applications, a multiple-stub loaded CPW feed tri-band antenna is presented in this study. The suggested antenna uses Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate material with a 0.79 mm thickness. The antenna has a straightforward design, measures just 33 mm × 20 mm, and provides broad performance with excellent gain. A 4-port MIMO arrangement is subsequently used to fulfill the demands of upcoming 5G and 6G devices. The MIMO antenna contains little space between elements and offers a good value of < -30 dB isolation. The overall size of a 4-port MIMO antenna is MW × ML × H = 60 mm × 60 mm × 0.79 mm and offers a minimum value of ECC <0.0001. Besides ECC, the MIMO antenna also offers good results in terms of DG, CCL, and MEG. To validate the findings of the simulation, a hardware prototype of the suggested antenna is created. It is clear that the results from simulations and measurements coincide well. The proposed antenna was created with the aid of the software tool Ansoft HFSSv9. Also, the proposed work is evaluated against previously published material. The suggested antenna has a small size, a simple geometry, a wideband, high gain, and a good value for the MIMO parameters, according to the results and comparisons of the proposed work (in terms of ECC, DG, CCL, and MEG), and low spacing between elements, which makes it a promising candidate for future 5G devices operating over ISM, WLAN, and C-band applications.

A state-of-the-art analysis of pharmacological delivery and artificial intelligence techniques for inner ear disease treatment.

Over the last several decades, both the academic and therapeutic fields have seen significant progress in the delivery of drugs to the inner ear due to recent delivery methods established for the systemic administration of drugs in inner ear treatment. Novel technologies such as nanoparticles and hydrogels are being investigated, in addition to the traditional treatment methods. Intracochlear devices, which utilize current developments in microsystems technology, are on the horizon of inner ear drug delivery methods and are designed to provide medicine directly into the inner ear. These devices are used for stem cell treatment, RNA interference, and the delivery of neurotrophic factors and steroids during cochlear implantation. An in-depth analysis of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in pharmaceutical research may be found in ANNs for Drug Delivery, Design, and Disposition. This prediction tool has a great deal of promise to assist researchers in more successfully designing, developing, and delivering successful medications because of its capacity to learn and self-correct in a very complicated environment. ANN achieved a high level of accuracy exceeding 0.90, along with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100%, in accurately distinguishing illness. Additionally, the ANN model provided nearly perfect measures of 0.99%. Nanoparticles exhibit potential as a viable therapeutic approach for bacterial infections that are challenging to manage, such as otitis media. The utilization of ANNs has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of nanoparticle therapy, particularly in the realm of automated identification of otitis media. Polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of prevalent bacterial infections in pediatric patients, suggesting significant potential for forthcoming therapeutic interventions. Finally, this study is based on a research of how inner ear diseases have been treated in the last ten years (2012-2022) using machine learning.

Multifunctional twelve port frequency agile diversity antenna for indoor wireless applications.

The recent resurgence of new-generation reconfigurable technologies delivers a plethora of various applications in all public, private and enterprise solutions over the globe. In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable polarization and pattern diverse Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented for indoor scenarios. The MIMO antenna is comprised of twelve radiating elements, and polarization and pattern diversity is obtained by arranging them in three different planes: Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Plane-I (VP-I), and Vertical Plane-II (VP-II). The proposed antenna operates in mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband), by combining two different radiators using PIN diodes. The antenna dynamically switches between Mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband). Mode, I cover the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from 2.3 to 12 GHz, while mode II covers GSM (1.85-1.9 GHz), Wi-Fi and LTE-7 (2.419-2.96 GHz), 5G (3.15-3.28 GHz and 3.45-3.57 GHz), public safety WLAN (4.817-4.94 GHz), and WLAN (5.11-5.4 GHz) frequency bands. The peak gain and efficiency of the MIMO antenna are 5.2 dBi and 80%, respectively.

Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of a CPW Antenna Using Frequency Selective Surface for UWB Applications.

In this article, a single-layer frequency selective surface (FSS)-loaded compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna is proposed for very high-gain and ultra-wideband applications. At the initial stage, a geometrically simple ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed which contains CPW feed lines and a multi-stub-loaded hexagonal patch. The various stubs are inserted to improve the bandwidth of the radiator. The antenna operates at 5-17 GHz and offers 6.5 dBi peak gain. Subsequently, the proposed FSS structure is designed and loaded beneath the proposed UWB antenna to improve bandwidth and enhance gain. The antenna loaded with FSS operates at an ultra-wideband of 3-18 GHz and offers a peak gain of 10.5 dBi. The FSS layer contains 5 × 5 unit cells with a total dimension of 50 mm × 50 mm. The gap between the FSS layer and UWB antenna is 9 mm, which is fixed to obtain maximum gain. The proposed UWB antenna and its results are compared with the fabricated prototype to verify the results. Moreover, the performance parameters such as bandwidth, gain, operational frequency, and the number of FSS layers used in the proposed antenna are compared with existing literature to show the significance of the proposed work. Overall, the proposed antenna is easy to fabricate and has a low profile and simple geometry with a compact size while offering a very wide bandwidth and high gain. Due to all of its performance properties, the proposed antenna system is a strong candidate for upcoming wideband and high-gain applications.

Application of CNN and ANN in assessment the effect of chemical components of biological nanomaterials in treatment of infection of inner ear and environmental sustainability.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising alternative to antibiotics for targeting microorganisms, especially in the case of difficult-to-treat bacterial illnesses. Antibacterial coatings for medical equipment, materials for infection prevention and healing, bacterial detection systems for medical diagnostics, and antibacterial immunizations are potential applications of nanotechnology. Infections in the ear, which can result in hearing loss, are extremely difficult to cure. The use of nanoparticles to enhance the efficacy of antimicrobial medicines is a potential option. Various types of inorganic, lipid-based, and polymeric nanoparticles have been produced and shown beneficial for the controlled administration of medication. This article focuses on the use of polymeric nanoparticles to treat frequent bacterial diseases in the human body. Using machine learning models such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), this 28-day study evaluates the efficacy of nanoparticle therapy. An innovative application of advanced CNNs, such as Dense Net, for the automatic detection of middle ear infections is reported. Three thousand oto-endoscopic images (OEIs) were categorized as normal, chronic otitis media (COM), and otitis media with effusion (OME). Comparing middle ear effusions to OEIs, CNN models achieved a classification accuracy of 95%, indicating great promise for the automated identification of middle ear infections. The hybrid CNN-ANN model attained an overall accuracy of more than 0.90 percent, with a sensitivity of 95 percent and a specificity of 100 percent in distinguishing earwax from illness, and provided nearly perfect measures of 0.99 percent. Nanoparticles are a promising treatment for difficult-to-treat bacterial diseases, such as ear infections. The application of machine learning models, such as ANNs and CNNs, can improve the efficacy of nanoparticle therapy, especially for the automated detection of middle ear infections. Polymeric nanoparticles, in particular, have shown efficacy in treating common bacterial infections in children, indicating great promise for future treatments.

Design and Analysis of Circular Polarized Two-Port MIMO Antennas with Various Antenna Element Orientations.

This article presents the circularly polarized antenna operating over 28 GHz mm-wave applications. The suggested antenna has compact size, simple geometry, wideband, high gain, and offers circular polarization. Afterward, two-port MIMO antenna are designed to get Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP). Four different cases are adopted to construct two-port MIMO antenna of suggested antenna. In case 1, both of the elements are placed parallel to each other; in the second case, the element is parallel but the radiating patch of second antenna element are rotated by 180°. In the third case, the second antenna element is placed orthogonally to the first antenna element. In the final case, the antenna is parallel but placed in the opposite end of substrate material. The S-parameters, axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) gain, and radiation efficiency are studied and compared in all these cases. The two MIMO systems of all cases are designed by using Roger RT/Duroid 6002 with thickness of 0.79 mm. The overall size of two-port MIMO antennas is 20.5 mm × 12 mm × 0.79 mm. The MIMO configuration of the suggested CP antenna offers wideband, low mutual coupling, wide ARBW, high gain, and high radiation efficiency. The hardware prototype of all cases is fabricated to verify the predicated results. Moreover, the comparison of suggested two-port MIMO antenna is also performed with already published work, which show the quality of suggested work in terms of various performance parameters over them.

A Shorted Stub Loaded UWB Flexible Antenna for Small IoT Devices.

In this manuscript, a compact in size yet geometrically simple Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna is demonstrated. The flexible-by-nature substrate ROGERS 5880, having a thickness of 0.254 mm, is utilized to design the proposed work. The antenna configuration is an excerpt of a traditional rectangular monopole antenna resonating at 5 GHz. Initially, a pair of triangular slots are employed to extend the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. In addition, a semi-circular-shaped, short-ended stub is connected at the upper edges of the patch to further increase the operational bandwidth. After optimization, the proposed antenna offers UWB ranging from 2.73-9.68 GHz, covering almost the entire spectrum allocated globally for UWB applications. Further, the antenna offers a compact size of 15 × 20 mm2 that can easily be integrated into small, flexible electronics. The flexibility analysis is done by bending the antenna on both the x and y axes. The antenna offers performance stability in terms of return loss, radiation pattern, and gain for both conformal and non-conformal conditions. Furthermore, the strong comparison between simulated and measured results for both rigid and bent cases of the antenna, along with the performance comparison with the state-of-the-art, makes it a potential candidate for present and future compact-sized flexible devices.

A Low-Profile Antenna for On-Body and Off-Body Applications in the Lower and Upper ISM and WLAN Bands.

The article presents a Co-planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna of a low-profile, simple geometry, and compact size operating at the dual band for ISM and WLAN applications for 5G communication devices. The antenna has a small size of 30 mm × 18 mm × 0.79 mm and is realized using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The proposed dual-band antenna contains a CPW feedline along with the triangular patch. Later on, various stubs are loaded to obtain optimal results. The proposed antenna offers a dual band at 2.4 and 5.4 GHz while covering the impedance bandwidths of 2.25-2.8 GHz for ISM and 5.45-5.65 GHz for WLAN applications, respectively. The proposed antenna design is studied and analyzed using the Electromagnetic (EM) High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSSv9) tool, and a hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results. As the antenna is intended for on-body applications, therefore, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis is carried out to investigate the Electromagnetic effects of the antenna on the human body. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed dual-band antenna and other relevant works in the literature is presented. The results and comparison of the proposed work with other literary works validate that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for future 5G devices working in Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands.

Monitoring Ambient Parameters in the IoT Precision Agriculture Scenario: An Approach to Sensor Selection and Hydroponic Saffron Cultivation.

The world population is on the rise, which demands higher food production. The reduction in the amount of land under cultivation due to urbanization makes this more challenging. The solution to this problem lies in the artificial cultivation of crops. IoT and sensors play an important role in optimizing the artificial cultivation of crops. The selection of sensors is important in order to ensure a better quality and yield in an automated artificial environment. There are many challenges involved in selecting sensors due to the highly competitive market. This paper provides a novel approach to sensor selection for saffron cultivation in an IoT-based environment. The crop used in this study is saffron due to the reason that much less research has been conducted on its hydroponic cultivation using sensors and its huge economic impact. A detailed hardware-based framework, the growth cycle of the crop, along with all the sensors, and the block layout used for saffron cultivation in a hydroponic medium are provided. The important parameters for a hydroponic medium, such as the concentration of nutrients and flow rate required, are discussed in detail. This paper is the first of its kind to explain the sensor configurations, performance metrics, and sensor-based saffron cultivation model. The paper discusses different metrics related to the selection, use and role of sensors in different IoT-based saffron cultivation practices. A smart hydroponic setup for saffron cultivation is proposed. The results of the model are evaluated using the AquaCrop simulator. The simulator is used to evaluate the value of performance metrics such as the yield, harvest index, water productivity, and biomass. The values obtained provide better results as compared to natural cultivation.

A Low Profile Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Reconfigurable Notch Band Characteristics for Smart Electronic Systems.

This study describes the design and implementation of a small printed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for smart electronic systems with on-demand adjustable notching properties. A contiguous sub-band between 3-4.1 GHz, 4.45-6.5 GHz, or for both bands concurrently, can be mitigated by the antenna. Numerous technologies and applications, including WiMAX, Wi-Fi, ISMA, WLAN, and sub-6 GHz, primarily utilize these band segments remitted by the UWB. The upper notch band is implemented by inserting an open-ended stub with the partial ground plane; the lower notch band functionality is obtained by etching a U-shaped slot from the radiating structure. The basic UWB mode is then changed to a UWB mode, with a single or dual notch band, using two diodes to achieve reconfigurability. The antenna has a physically compact size of 17 × 23 mm2 and a quasi-omnidirectional maximum gain of 4.9 dBi, along with a high efficiency of more than 80%, according to both simulation and measurement data. A significant bandwidth in the UWB region is also demonstrated by the proposed design, with a fractional bandwidth of 180% in relation to the 5.2 GHz center frequency. Regarding compactness, consistent gain, and programmable notch features, the proposed antenna outperforms the antennas described in the literature. In addition to these benefits, the antenna's compact size makes it simple to incorporate into small electronic devices and enables producers to build many antennas without complications.

Isolation Improvement of Parasitic Element-Loaded Dual-Band MIMO Antenna for Mm-Wave Applications.

A dual-band, compact, high-gain, simple geometry, wideband antenna for 5G millimeter-wave applications at 28 and 38 GHz is proposed in this paper. Initially, an antenna operating over dual bands of 28 and 38 GHz was designed. Later, a four-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna was developed for the same dual-band applications for high data rates, low latency, and improved capacity for 5G communication devices. To bring down mutual coupling between antenna elements, a parasitic element of simple geometry was loaded between the MIMO elements. After the insertion of the parasitic element, the isolation of the antenna improved by 25 dB. The suggested creation was designed using a Rogers/Duroid RT-5870 laminate with a thickness of 0.79 mm. The single element proposed has an overall small size of 13 mm × 15 mm, while the MIMO configuration of the proposed work has a miniaturized size of 28 mm × 28 mm. The parasitic element-loaded MIMO antenna offers a high gain of 9.5 and 11.5 dB at resonance frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Various MIMO parameters were also examined, and the results generated by the EM tool CST Studio Suite® and hardware prototype are presented. The parasitic element-loaded MIMO antenna offers an Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) < 0.001 and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) < 0.01 bps/Hz, which are quite good values. Moreover, a comparison with existing work in the literature is given to show the superiority of the MIMO antenna. The suggested MIMO antenna provides good results and is regarded as a solid candidate for future 5G applications according to the comparison with the state of the art, results, and discussion.

Signing and Verifying Encrypted Medical Images Using Double Random Phase Encryption.

Digital Signature using Self-Image signing is introduced in this paper. This technique is used to verify the integrity and originality of images transmitted over insecure channels. In order to protect the user's medical images from changing or modifying, the images must be signed. The proposed approach uses the Discrete Wavelet Transform to subdivide a picture into four bands and the Discrete Cosine Transform DCT is used to embed a mark from each sub-band to another sub-band of DWT according to a determined algorithm. To increase the security, the marked image is then encrypted using Double Random Phase Encryption before transmission over the communication channel. By verifying the presence of the mark, the authority of the sender is verified at the receiver. Authorized users' scores should, in theory, always be higher than illegal users' scores. If this is the case, a single threshold might be used to distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users by separating the two sets of scores. The results are compared to those obtained using an approach that does not employ DWT.

A Novel Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Hyperchaotic Maps and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.

Multimedia encryption innovation is one of the primary ways of securely and privately guaranteeing the security of media transmission. There are many advantages when utilizing the attributes of chaos, for example, arbitrariness, consistency, ergodicity, and initial condition affectability, for any covert multimedia transmission. Additionally, many more benefits can be introduced with the exceptional space compliance, unique information, and processing capability of real mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). In this article, color image encryption employs a confusion process based on a hybrid chaotic map, first to split each channel of color images into n-clusters; then to create global shuffling over the whole image; and finally, to apply intrapixel shuffling in each cluster, which results in very disordered pixels in the encrypted image. Then, it utilizes the rationale of human mitochondrial genome mtDNA to diffuse the previously confused pixel values. Hypothetical examination and trial results demonstrate that the anticipated scheme exhibits outstanding encryption, as well as successfully opposes chosen/known plain text, statistical, and differential attacks.

A Bijective Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Chaotic Map Diffusion and DNA Confusion.

Modern multimedia communications technology requirements have raised security standards, which allows for enormous development in security standards. This article presents an innovative symmetric cryptosystem that depends on the hybrid chaotic Lorenz diffusion stage and DNA confusion stage. It involves two identical encryption and decryption algorithms, which simplifies the implementation of transmitting and receiving schemes of images securely as a bijective system. Both schemes utilize two distinctive non-consecutive chaotic diffusion stages and one DNA scrambling stage in between. The generation of the coded secret bit stream employs a hybrid chaotic system, which is employed to encrypt or decrypt the transmitted image and is utilized in the diffusion process to dissipate the redundancy in the original transmitted image statistics. The transmitted image is divided into eight scrambled matrices according to the position of the pixel in every splitting matrix. Each binary matrix is converted using a different conversion rule in the Watson-Crick rules. The DNA confusion stage is applied to increase the complexity of the correlation between the transmitted image and the utilized key. These stages allow the proposed image encryption scheme to be more robust against chosen/known plaintext attacks, differential attacks, cipher image attacks, and information entropy. The system was revealed to be more sensitive against minimal change in the generated secret key. The analysis proves that the system has superior statistical properties, bulkier key space, better plain text sensitivity, and improved key sensitivity compared with former schemes.