RESUMO
Theileria-free Hyalomma anatolicum larvae were fed on a naturally infected sheep with Theileria lestoquardi. Resulting flat nymphs of the tick were able to transmit T. lestoquardi infection upon feeding to 3/3 susceptible sheep. Adults emerging from the same batch of larvae were also infective to 3/3 susceptible sheep when they had the infection during their larval feeding. Transmission of T. lestoquardi to sheep was confirmed through clinical monitoring, examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears, serology using indirect immunoflourescent test, and molecular using polymerase chain reaction technique.
Assuntos
Ixodidae/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/transmissão , Theileria/isolamento & purificação , Theileriose/parasitologia , Theileriose/transmissão , Animais , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Feminino , Larva/parasitologia , Masculino , Coelhos , Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
The human immune response to Plasmodium falciparum infection involves the release of cytokines that may contribute to the control of the parasites' replication. These cytokines are also involved in the pathogenesis of the malaria caused by the infection, leading to the appearance of symptoms of varying severity. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes that code for pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin-6 and interleukin-12) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and interleukin-4) among 80 children infected with P. falciparum (from a malaria-endemic area of Sudan) and five healthy controls (from a non-endemic area) was explored. The infected children were either non-sicklers, with severe malaria (18 children), mild malaria (30) or no symptoms of malaria (18), or asymptomatic sicklers (14). Interleukin-12 was found to be weakly expressed by all the groups of children. In general, compared with the other groups, the asymptomatic non-sicklers had lower expression of all the cytokines studied. The asymptomatic sicklers had significantly lower expression of tumour necrosis factor than the non-sicklers with severe malaria, but these two groups showed similar expression of interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6. Gene expression of the regulatory cytokine, interleukin-10, by the asymptomatic sicklers was significantly lower than that by the non-sicklers with severe malaria but higher than that recorded in the non-sicklers with mild malaria. Their regulation of cytokine release appears to protect sicklers from clinical malaria.
Assuntos
Interferon gama/genética , Interleucinas/genética , Malária Falciparum/sangue , Traço Falciforme/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Expressão Gênica , Hemoglobina A , Hemoglobina Falciforme , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Lactente , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucinas/sangue , Malária Falciparum/imunologia , Parasitemia/sangue , Parasitemia/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Traço Falciforme/imunologia , Estatística como Assunto , Sudão , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueAssuntos
Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Malária Cerebral/sangue , Malária Falciparum/sangue , Plasmodium falciparum , Traço Falciforme/parasitologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Parasitemia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , SudãoRESUMO
The prevalence of Theileria lestoquardi antibodies in Sudanese sheep from nine geographical areas in Sudan was determined using indirect fluorescent antibody "IFA" test. Out of 315 samples examined, 51 (16.2%) were found positive and ranged between 23.4% in River Nile State and 10% in Kasala and Darfour Provinces with an overall prevalence of 16.2% indicating widespread distribution of the infection. We also report on presence of antibodies reactive to Theileria annulata in sheep sera.
