[Practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Guía de práctica clínica. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Our objective was to develop a guide based on the best available evidence that allow family physicians to establish criteria for screening, diagnosis, prevention, treatment of disease, early detection and management of complications; to standardize the organizing processes of the diabetic patient's care in the primary care level; and to achieve lifestyle modification for patients and promote self-care. Clinical questions were stated according to the diagram and structured patient-intervention-comparison-outcome. We used a mixed methodology-adoption adjustment, and include 32 guides. For recommendations not included in these, the search process was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library Plus with these terms: diabetes mellitus type 2, epidemiology, detection and diagnosis, classification, drug therapy, effects, prevention, control and complication. The clinical practice guideline emphasizes the fundamental change in lifestyle (diet and exercise), self-care and proactive participation of the patient, in addition to the dynamic prescription of medications that would achieve metabolic control in order to reduce late complications.

[Effect of lactose on the evaluation of the nutritive value of casein]. / Efecto de la lactosa en la evaluación del valor nutritivo de la caseína.

The biological evaluation of protein from dairy products such as normal and modified powdered milks where lactose is present, poses difficulties. It is known that when this sugar is contained in high concentrations, and due to its osmotic effect, it causes serious intestinal disorders in rats, thus obstructing the determination of the protein nutritional quality. In the study described herein, efforts were made to determine how lactose affects determination of the nutritional value of casein when this is evaluated by the Net Protein Utilization (NPU) procedure, and by the Relative Net Protein Ratio (RNPR) method. Thirty, and 21-day-old rats were fed with diets containing 10% and 8% of casein respectively, and lactose concentrations varying from 20% to 50%. All experiments lasted 10 days. The results demonstrated that casein's nutritional value did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) with lactose concentrations up to 40% in any of both methods, even though intestinal disorders were observed with more frequency and duration as lactose concentration increased.

Efecto de la lactosa en la evaluación del valor nutritivo de la caseina / Effect of lactose on the evaluation of the nutritive value of casein

La evaluación biológica de la calidad proteínica de productos lácteos como leches normales y modidicadas en polvo en los cuales interviene la lactosa, presenta dificultades. es sabido que por su efecto osmótico, cuando este azêúcar se encuentra en concentrciones considerables, produce srios trastornos intestinales en las ratas, lo qu dificulta ladeterminación de la calidad nutricional de la proteína de la dieta. En el trabajo objeto de esta comunicación, se trató de determinar cómo la lactosa incide sobre el valor nutritivo de la caseína,por el método de la Uazación Protenica Neta(UPN) y el método de la Relación Proteínica Neta Relativa(RPNR). En dichas experiencias se utizaron ratas de 30 y 21 días de edad, respectivamente. Las dietas empleadas contenían caseína al 10% y al 8% para la determinación de la UPN y de la RPNR, respectivamente, y cantidades crecientes de lactosa comprendidas entre 20% y 50%. En ambos métodos, esas dietas fueron suministradas a los animales durante 10 días. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que, a pesar de los trastornos intestinales observados con mayor frecuencia y duración a medida que aumentaba la concentra de lactosa, el valor nutricional de la caseína no alcanzó una diferencia significativa, aún con concentraciones de 40% de lactosa en ninguno de los dos métodos(P>0.05).

Effect of acute exposure to reduced atmospheric pressures on body weight, food intake and body composition of growing rats.

Growing male rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 1850, 2900, 4100, 5450 or 7100 m in a hypobaric chamber to determine the effects of altitude on body weight gain and food intake as function of time of exposure. Female rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 7100 m for 24 h to determine the effect of altitude on body composition. The results obtained indicate that in growing rats exposed to acute simulated altitude the initial body weight loss and the depressed growth rate, on one hand, and the reduced food intake, on the other hand, are related to the degree of the altitude; the parameters are not affected at altitudes below 1 850 m; the initial weight loss is not solely due to reduction in food intake, the additional loss being attributed to the added stress of hypoxia; the body weight loss occurs without marked alterations in body composition, although a tendency to dehydration exists; and the body compositional changes are the reflection of the altitude-induced hypophagia.

Effect of acute exposure to reduced atmospheric pressures on body weight, food intake and body composition of growing rats.

Growing male rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 1850, 2900, 4100, 5450 or 7100 m in a hypobaric chamber to determine the effects of altitude on body weight gain and food intake as function of time of exposure. Female rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 7100 m for 24 h to determine the effect of altitude on body composition. The results obtained indicate that in growing rats exposed to acute simulated altitude the initial body weight loss and the depressed growth rate, on one hand, and the reduced food intake, on the other hand, are related to the degree of the altitude; the parameters are not affected at altitudes below 1 850 m; the initial weight loss is not solely due to reduction in food intake, the additional loss being attributed to the added stress of hypoxia; the body weight loss occurs without marked alterations in body composition, although a tendency to dehydration exists; and the body compositional changes are the reflection of the altitude-induced hypophagia.