Intervención asistida con animales para la estimulación cognitiva de niños y adolescentes en la Unidad de Primeros Episodios Psicóticos / Neurocognitive performance and functioning of an adolescent bipolar disorder cohort: outcome two years after diagno / Animal-assisted intervention for cognitive stimulation of children and adolescents in a First Episode Psychosis Unit

El déficit cognitivo está presente desde las primeras fases de los trastornos psicóticos de inicio en la infancia y la adolescencia, y es tan relevante en la evolución, pronóstico y funcionalidad de los pacientes que en la última década se ha planteado la necesidad de una evaluación y abordaje terapéutico del mismo como parte esencial en los planes de tratamiento. La estimulación o rehabilitación cognitiva es una intervención no farmacológica empíricamente validada, que se realiza en pacientes adultos con psicosis desde hace décadas, pero que se ha introducido en el tratamiento de niños y adolescentes más recientemente, por lo que aún no se dispone de programas eficaces y validados para esta población. Por otra parte, las intervenciones asistidas con animales han mostrado eficacia como instrumento en la intervención terapéutica con niños y jóvenes con distintos tipos de trastornos psiquiátricos o psicológicos. Uno de los aspectos más importantes de estas intervenciones en su elevado valor motivacional para la población infantil, además de otras ventajas sobre otro tipo de metodología de apoyo. En el presente trabajo presentamos un programa de intervención en rehabilitación cognitiva para niños y adolescentes con psicosis de inicio reciente, diseñado específicamentepara esta población y que resulta novedoso por incorporar en su metodología aspectos pedagógicos y motivacionales relevantes para superar las limitaciones de este tipo de intervenciones (AU)

Cognitive impairment is present from the earliest phases of psychotic disorders in childhood and adolescence and it is so relevant in the prognosis and functionality of patients that in the last decade has raised the need for its evaluation and treatment as an essential part of the therapeutic plans. Cognitive rehabilitation (or stimulation) is a non pharmacologic intervention empirically validated, that hasbeen conducted in adult patients with psychosis from many decades, but that has been introduced recently in the treatment of children and adolescents, so we don’t have effective and validated programs for this population yet. Moreover, animal assisted interventions have shown effectiveness as a tool in therapeutic intervention with children and youth with different types of psychiatric or psychological disorders. One of the most important aspects of these interventions is their high motivational value to the child population, in addition to other advantages over other methods of support. In this paper we present a program of cognitive rehabilitation / intervention for children and adolescents with recent onset psychosis, designed specifically for this population and new because of incorporating teaching and motivational aspects relevant to overcome the limitations of this type interventions (AU)

Ordered metal nanotube arrays fabricated by PVD.

In this work we report a simple method to fabricate ordered arrays of metal nanotubes. This method is based on the deposition of a metal by PVD onto an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The dimensions of the synthesized nanotubes depend both on the AAO template and on the deposited metal. In fact, it is observed that the aspect ratios of the nanotubes clearly depend significantly on the metal, ranging from 0.6 (Fe) to at least 3 (Zr).

Post-synthesis alignment of chemically modified carbon nanotubes in magnetic fields.

In this paper we present an improved procedure to prepare carbon nanotubes bundles functionalized with magnetite nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been modified by hydrophobic adsorption of a carboxylic acid derivative and the previously synthesized magnetite nanoparticles have been attached to the acid groups. Electron microscopy studies show a high density of magnetite nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs. These modified carbon nanotubes become magnetic and can be appropriately oriented by using external magnetic fields.

Characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes by atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy.

In this work, we perform a comparative study on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) before and after low energy nitrogen ion bombardment (70 eV and 25 x 10-6 A/cm2) at room temperature. The morphology and the mechanical properties were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The bonding configuration of the N-doped CNTs was established by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). Single-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared using non-intrusive methods and deposited onto silicon substrates. For the spectroscopic studies, samples with a high concentration of CNTs were analyzed. XPS reveals different chemical states for carbon related to the incorporation of nitrogen. XANES confirms the hexagonal structure of the CNTs, resembling the bonding structure of hexagonal carbon nitrides. AFM images confirm that the CNTs were not destroyed after low energy N2+. The morphology of the original nanotubes maintains after nitrogen ion bombardment except for the incorporation of some pearl-shaped decoration, probably due to the adsorption of some contaminants or to deposition of re-sputtered material. Whereas CNTs improve their adherence to the substrate, this extra granularity on the CNT is easily removed even with the AFM tip. In conclusion, spectroscopic measurements and mechanical properties made clear information on the changes produced on CNT after nitrogen incorporation.

Attachment of magnetite nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes bundles and their response to magnetic fields.

We present an alternative method to control the alignment of carbon nanotube bundles by applying an external magnetic field on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have been modified by pi-pi stacking of a carboxylic acid and the previously synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been bounded to the acid groups. Results obtained by TEM, SEM and FESEM show that the magnetite nanoparticles are distributed along the nanotube surfaces, showing a high dispersion and a mean particle size of ca. 4-5 nm. In presence of a magnetic field the modified nanotube bundles have been clearly oriented along the axis parallel to the field.

[Complications of gynaecological surgery]. / Complicaciones de la cirugía ginecológica.

Gynaecological surgery is undergoing a process of constant change and therefore some of its complications as well. The incorporation of endoscopy has added a new dimension, with the rate of complications related to its complexity. Endoscopy has meant a great advance in surgery, and specifically in gynaecology, which benefits from two ways of approaching the genital apparatus: laparoscopy and histeroscopy. These techniques involve risks that are specific to these techniques: the induction of pneumoperitoneum, insertion of trocar, remote coagulation, vascular passage of the glycine employed in uterine relaxation during hysteroscopy, etc. When a patient comes to Accidents and Emergencies in the postoperative phase, or simply suffers a complication during the 24 or 48 hours that they are hospitalised, the doctor who attends her must be acquainted with this course of approach and its possible complications.

Expresion del receptor de esteroides y xenobioticos (SXR) y del gen de multirresistencia drogas (MDR1) y de los polimorfismos de las enzimas GSTs, SULTs y CYP en tumores vesicales profundos, analisis de su expresion y correlación con otros factores pronósticos / Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and GSTs, SULTs and CYP polymorphism expression in invasive bladder cancer, analysis of their expression and correlation with other prognostic factors

Introducción: El receptor de esteroides y xenobióticos SXR se ha demostrado su activación por parte de numerosos medicamentos, incluidos potentes inductores del citocromo P450, como la rifampicina y el cotrimazol. La función del SXR es bien conocida, y consiste en regular de manera positiva la trascripción del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) y el gen de multirresistencia a drogas (multidrug resistance gene) MDR1, se considera una llave clave en el mecanismo regulador del metabolismo de los xenobióticos encontrándose involucrado en todas las fases de detoxificación Múltiples enzimas involucradas en el metabolismo y la degradación de hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (PAH) son polimórficas en humanos, incluyendo la glutation S-transferasa (GSTs), N-acetiltransferasa (NATs), sulfotransferas (SULTs)1A1 y el citocromo p450 (CYP)1B1. Objetivos: Los objetivos que nos hemos planteado son los siguientes: 1. Analizar la expresión del factor de trascripción SXR y del MDR1 en vejiga mediante RT-PCR en tiempo real, tanto en vejiga tumoral como vejiga normal. 2. Analizar la relación de los factores clínicos y patológicos con la expresión del SXR y del MDR1. 3. Analizar la expresión de los polimorfismos de CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1, y su correlación con distintos factores clínico patológicos y moleculares. Material y Métodos: De manera prospectiva se calculó un tamaño muestral necesario para este estudio. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes de dos instituciones distintas (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (49 HUMS) y Clínica Universitaria de Navarra (18 CUN)), diagnosticados de cáncer vesical infiltrante y tratados mediante cistectomía radical, se le realizó la determinación de la expresión de SXR y MDR1 mediante PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real, así como de los polimorfismos CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1 mediante RFLP (restricción de la longitud del fragmento del polimorfismo). Se correlaciona mediante tablas de contingencia la correlación con el resto de los factores pronósticos. Resultados: La media de seguimiento de los pacientes fue de 23,7 meses, con una mediana de 28,26 meses. De los 67 pacientes estudiados, 31 pacientes (46,3%) presentaron progresión de la enfermedad, bien en forma de recidiva local, metástasis a distancia o ambos, con un tiempo medio a recidiva de 12,4 meses, mediana de 10 meses, con un rango de 1,1 mes a 31,9 meses. 36 pacientes (53,7%) no presentaron evidencia de progresión de la enfermedad. El receptor de esteroides y xenobióticos SXR así como el gen de multirresistenia a drogas (Multidrug resistance gene (MDR1)), se expresan en vejiga normal (0,94ΔCt y 0,94ΔCt) y en vejiga tumoral de la pieza de cistectomía (1,09 ΔCt y 0,45 ΔCt). Hemos analizado su expresión de manera cuantitativa y de manera cualitativa. La expresión de SXR se correlaciona con la presencia de carcinoma in situ (p=0,024), infiltración vasculo-linfática (p=0,05) mientras que MDR1 se correlaciona con la presencia de infiltración vasculo linfática (p=0,05) A su vez ambos la presencia de ambos factores se correlaciona entre ellos (p=0,011) Los polimorfismos: CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 y SULT1A1, se expresan en vejiga pero su expresión no guarda correlación con ningún factor pronóstico Conclusiones: El SXR y el MDR1 se expresan tanto en vejiga normal y tumoral. Y que dicha expresión guarda una correlación con factores pronósticos con influencia en la supervivencia descritas en la literatura

Introduction: Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor (SXR) has demonstrated its activation by numerous drugs, including cytochrome P450 potent inducers like rifampicina or cotrimazol. The role of SXR is well known, and lies regulating in a positive manner cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) transcription and the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), it’s considered a key in the xenobiotic detoxification mechanism, being involved in all phases of the detoxification process. Enzymes involved in Policyclic Aromatic hidrocarbures (PAH) metabolism and degradation are polymorphic in humans, including glutation S-transferases (GSTs), N-acetiltransferases (NATs), sulfotransferases (SULTs)1A1 and cytochrome p450 (CYP)1B1. Objectives: The objectives we’ve planned are: 1. Analyze the expression of the transcription factor SXR and MDR1 in bladder by means of RT-PCR real time, both in normal bladder and in tumoral bladder. 2. Analyze the relation between clinical and pathological factors with the expression of SXR and MDR1. 3. Analyze the expression of the polymorphims CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 and SULT1A1 and their correlation with different clinic-pathological and molecular factors. Material and Methods: In a prospective way the size of the sample was estimated. In 67 patients from two institutions (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (49 HUMS) and Clinica Universitaria de Navarra (18 CUN)), diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer and treated by means of radical cystectomy, were determined the expression of both SXR and MDR1 by means of real time PCR, as well as the polymorphisms CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1 by means of RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism). Correlations with other prognostic factors by contingency tables were performed. Results: Average follow up was 23,7 months with a median of 28,26 months. Of the 67 patients studied, 31 patients (46,3) presented disease progression, in form of local recurrence or in distant metastasis or both. With a average time to progression of 12,4 months and a median of 10 months, with a range of 1,1 month to 31,9 month. 36 patients (53,7%) did not have any evidence of disease progression during follow up. The Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor as well as the Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) are expressed in both normal bladder (0,94ΔCt y 0,94ΔCt) and tumoral bladder in the cystectomy specimen(1,09 ΔCt y 0,45 ΔCt). We’ve analyzed their expression in a quantitative manner and in a qualitative manner. The expression of SXR correlates with the presence of ca. in situ (p=0,024), vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0,05) mean while MDR1 correlates with presence of vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0,05) Both factors are correlate between each others (p=0,011). Polymorphisms: CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and SULT1A1, are expressed in these patients but their expression doesn’t correlates with any prognostic factor Conclusions: Both SXR and MDR1 are expressed in normal bladder as well as in tumoral bladder. And their expression correlates with different prognostic factors with influence in the survival described in the literature

[Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and GSTs, SULTs and CYP polymorphism expression in invasive bladder cancer, analysis of their expression and correlation with other prognostic factors]. / Expresion del receptor de esteroides y xenobioticos (SXR) y del gen de multirresistencia drogas (MDR1) y de los polimorfismos de las enzimas Gsts, SULTs y CYP en tumores vesicales profundos, analisis de su expresion y correlación con otros factores pronósticos.

INTRODUCTION: Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor (SXR) has demonstrated its activation by numerous drugs, including cytochrome P450 potent inducers like rifampicina or cotrimazol. The role of SXR is well known, and lies regulating in a positive manner cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) transcription and the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), it's considered a key in the xenobiotic detoxification mechanism, being involved in all phases of the detoxification process. Enzymes involved in Policyclic Aromatic hidrocarbures (PAH) metabolism and degradation are polymorphic in humans, including glutation S-transferases (GSTs), N-acetiltransferases (NATs), sulfotransferases (SULTs)1A1 and cytochrome p450 (CYP)1B1. OBJECTIVES: The objectives we've planned are: 1. Analyze the expression of the transcription factor SXR and MDR1 in bladder by means of RT-PCR real time, both in normal bladder and in tumoral bladder. 2. Analyze the relation between clinical and pathological factors with the expression of SXR and MDR1. 3. Analyze the expression of the polymorphims CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 and SULT1A1 and their correlation with different clinic-pathological and molecular factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective way the size of the sample was estimated. In 67 patients from two institutions (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (49 HUMS) and Clinica Universitaria de Navarra (18 CUN)), diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer and treated by means of radical cystectomy, were determined the expression of both SXR and MDR1 by means of real time PCR, as well as the polymorphisms CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1 by means of RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism). Correlations with other prognostic factors by contingency tables were performed. RESULTS: Average follow up was 23.7 months with a median of 28.26 months. Of the 67 patients studied, 31 patients (46.3) presented disease progression, in form of local recurrence or in distant metastasis or both. With a average time to progression of 12.4 months and a median of 10 months, with a range of 1.1 month to 31.9 month. 36 patients (53.7%) did not have any evidence of disease progression during follow up. The Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor as well as the Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) are expressed in both normal bladder (0.94DeltaCt y 0.94DeltaCt) and tumoral bladder in the cystectomy specimen (1.09 DeltaCt y 0.45 DeltaCt). We've analyzed their expression in a quantitative manner and in a qualitative manner. The expression of SXR correlates with the presence of ca. in situ (p=0.024), vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0.05) mean while MDR1 correlates with presence of vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0.05) Both factors are correlate between each others (p=0.011). Polymorphisms: CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and SULT1A1, are expressed in these patients but their expression doesn't correlates with any prognostic factor CONCLUSIONS: Both SXR and MDR1 are expressed in normal bladder as well as in tumoral bladder. And their expression correlates with different prognostic factors with influence in the survival described in the literature.

La toma de tensión arterial en la farmacia comunitaria: un servicio orientado a la Atención Farmacéutica / No disponible

Se describen los resultados de las mediciones de TA en una farmacia comunitaria durante 5 semanas de 2003. Se clasifica a los usuarios de este servicio en función de su conocimiento de la enfermedad y del tipo de tratamiento establecido, con el objetivo de protocolizar las actuaciones posteriores, consiguiendo una continuidad de la atención cuando sea necesario. Se encuentran similitudes con otros trabajos realizados también en farmacias de Barcelona y ello parece sugerir la necesidad de establecer una sistemática de actuación final que permita contribuir con las diferentes actividades de Atención Farmacéutica (AF) en cada farmacia, a la mejora del control de esta enfermedad (AU)

We describe the results of a set of measures of blood pressure taken at a community pharmacy office along five weeks in 2003. We classify the users of this pharmacy service according to their awareness of the disease and their treatment with the objective of organizing the activities after the measuring of the BP, taking care of achieving a seamless-care for each patient. We found similitudes with the studies of another pharmacies from Barcelona and such finding hint to us the need of stablishing a protocol for this service, integrated with the different activities of pharrmaceutical-care offered, contributing in this way, to achieve the better control of this disease in the population of users of this health-service (AU)