[The role of phytates in human nutrition].

Claims that consumption of phytate-rich grains, by definition, worsens mineral status needs to be clarified as new evidence emerges about the role of phytic acids (FA) from whole grains in improving population health outcomes. In this regard, it seems appropriate to draw the attention of practitioners to the need to correct patient's diet in order to prevent non-communicable diseases. The aim of this review was to generalize and analyze the modern data on the role of phytates in human nutrition. Material and methods. A search for domestic and foreign literature in the bibliographic databases of articles on medical sciences was carried out using the PubMed, MEDLINE and eLibrary search engines. Results. Deficit of minerals and trace elements in the diet, especially deficiency of iron, calcium, selenium, zinc, iodine, is an urgent public health problem in many countries. Calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and iron deficiencies are associated with impaired immune function and an increased risk of both acute and chronic diseases. Vegan and vegetarian behavior styles with the restriction and exclusion of animal sources of bioavailable minerals and trace elements are gaining more and more popularity in our country. FA is the main storage form of phosphorus in nuts, grains, legumes, and seeds, which satisfies the biosynthesis needs of growing tissues during germination. FA is known as a dietary inhibitor that chelates minerals and trace elements, limiting their bioavailability and reducing their absorption. Pre-treatment methods to reduce phytate levels and increase the nutritional value of diets are fermentation, soaking, and sprouting. Reducing phytate content in plant foods by processing leads to a measurable improvement in mineral status, however, the chelating and antioxidant properties of phytates may be beneficial and their potential in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and kidney stone formation is currently being studied. Conclusion. Essential components of a healthy diet are whole whole grains, legumes, vegetables, seeds and nuts, despite the fact that most of them are relatively high in FA. Despite some antinutrient properties, FAs have preventive effects on public health.

[Correction of gut dysbiosis as a promising direction in the prevention of neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment].

In recent years new data have been obtained on the role of intestinal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as on the influence of dietary patterns (Mediterranean diet, MIND diet) and probiotics on the correction of dysbiosis and slowing down the development of cognitive disorders. It seems reasonable to draw the attention of practicing physicians to the need to prevent cognitive dysfunction through dietary correction, probiotics and prebiotics intake. The purpose of the research was to study the possibility of using certain dietary patterns, as well as intake of probiotics and prebiotics for the correction of dysbiosis and early prevention of cognitive dysfunction, basing on the analysis of published data on the bidirectional communication between the colon microbiota and the brain and microbiota changes in patients with cognitive dysfunction and AD. Material and methods. We searched domestic and foreign literature devoted to gut microbiota, the "gut-brain" axis, microbiota disorders in AD patients; mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration; the role of dietary patterns, in particular MIND diet, pre- and probiotics in the prevention of cognitive dysfunction - via PubMed search engine, SemanticScholar Google Internet search platform and domestic scientific electronic library Cyberleninka. 72 literature sources were analyzed. Results. Intestinal dysbiosis and disruption of intestinal barrier integrity play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Changes in the microbiota in patients with cognitive impairment and AD are associated with disease severity and are generally characterized by increased numbers of Gram-negative microorganisms in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla and decreased numbers of Gram-positive microorganisms in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. An increase in gram-negative microorganisms abundance leads to elevated release of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that disrupt the integrity of the intestinal mucous barrier and, through a series of steps, initiate neuroinflammation. Course application of probiotics containing representatives of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, in particular, Bifidobacterium breve A1 и Lactobacillus plantarum С29 strains, leads to improved cognitive function, which can be explained by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Long-term prospective studies of the effects of dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet and the MIND diet clearly show delayed regression of cognitive function in older adults without initial dementia as well as in patients with AD. For example, according to various studies, individuals who have strictly adhered to the Mediterranean diet for 6-9 years have a 23-39% lower risk of developing cognitive impairment. Adherence to the MIND diet for 6 years has a statistically significant association with higher verbal memory scores. Correction of gut dysbiosis, including through the administration of probiotics, prebiotics and bringing the diet to the MIND diet pattern, is the most affordable and rational method for early prevention of cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion. A promising strategy in the early prevention of neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment and dementia is to maintain the balance of the gut microbiota. The solution to this problem is achieved by adjusting the dietary pattern, increasing the use of dietary fiber and prebiotics and reasonable use of probiotics.

[Body composition and basal metabolic rate in overweight and obese patients].

Diet therapy is a key moment in the treatment of patients with obesity. The energy value of the diet must directly depend on the daily energy expenditure. It is extremely important for a specialist who determines a diet for a patient, using an individual approach, to most accurately calculate daily energy expenditure. On the one hand, the calculation method should be as accurate as possible, on the other hand, it should be simple and economically affordable. The aim of the study was to evaluate the body composition in patients depending on gender and body mass index and to identify the optimal method for calculating the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with various degrees of obesity. Material and methods. The study included data from 338 men aged 39.0±11.9 years and 847 women aged 44.0±12.5 years. The study of the body composition was carried out by the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis on the analyzer "InBody 770", which simultaneously provides information on the BMR, calculated taking into account the composition of the body according to the Ketch-McArdle formula. The BMR was also calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor formula and the results were compared. Results. In men and women, with an increase in body weight, an increase in skeletal muscle mass is noted, which entails an increase in the BMR. The BMR, calculated by the formula that does not take into account the volume of the main body energy-consuming tissues, differed from that calculated by the formula that takes into account the value of metabolically active components of the human body composition, towards an increase in men with obesity of class 2 and class 3 degrees, by 141 kcal and by 294 kcal, respectively, in women with obesity class 1 - by 81 kcal, class 2 - by 139 kcal, class 3 - by 262 kcal. Conclusion. When conducting primary diagnostics on an outpatient basis in patients with overweight and obesity, along with simple anthropometry, it is necessary to perform a body composition study. The calculation of the BMR as a component of daily energy expenditure should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the body composition. If it is not possible to conduct a bioelectrical impedance study and accurately calculate the BMR, the results obtained during this research can be used: BMR in men with obesity of the class 1 - 18.5 kcal/day kg body weight, with obesity of the class 2 - 16.6 kcal/day kg body weight, with obesity class 3 - 14.6 kcal/day kg body weight; BMR in women - respectively 16.7, 15.0 and 13.5 kcal/day kg body weight.

[The structure of blood gut microbiota markers in athletes and their relationship with the diet].

It is known that under conditions of ultra-high physical activity and a specific diet, the state of the microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the health, metabolic and energy status of athletes. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the composition of blood microbial markers in professional football players and physically active people and their correlation with diets in order to substantiate recommendations for their optimization. Material and methods. In a cross-sectional study a group of football players (n=24, 28±3 years old, body mass index - 22.5±1.0 kg/m2) who received a diet according to the training regimen, and a comparison group of physically active individuals (n=25, 34±5 years old, body mass index - 21.8±2.8 kg/m2) have been examined. The method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze microbial markers of microbiome, mycobiome, virome and blood metabolome populations. Data on actual dietary intake were collected using food diaries for 3 days, followed by data processing with the Nutrium 2.13.0 nutritional computer program. For analysis, individual daily requirements for energy and macronutrients have been calculated based on the basal metabolic rate (according to the Mifflin-San Geor formula, taking into account anthropometric data), the coefficient of physical activity (groups IV and II, respectively). Results. The analysis of the athletes' diet, compared with individual requirements and with the recommendations of the International Society for Sports Nutrition (ISSN), revealed a lack of complex carbohydrates (5±1 instead of 6.1±0.3 g/kg body weight day), an excess of sugars (23±4 instead of <10% of kcal). These figures are significantly higher than the intake of similar nutrients in physically active people in the comparison group. In football players, compared with the comparison group, significant changes in microbial markers were found for Alcaligenes spp., Clostridium ramosum, Coryneform CDC-group XX, Staphylococcus epidermidis (p<0.001), known for their pro-inflammatory activity in the intestine, as well as for Lactobacillus spp. (p<0.001) performing a protective function. In addition, mycobiome markers were increased in athletes: Candida spp. (p<0.001), Aspergillus spp. (p<0.001), among which there are potential pathogens of mycoses. This was not observed in the comparison group. At the same time, an increase in the microbial markers of Alcaligenes spp., Coryneform CDC-group XX, Lactobacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., Candida spp. Micromycetes spp., containing campesterol in the cell wall, in football players positively correlated with a high calorie diet (p<0.001). A similar correlation of mycobiome markers (Micromycetes spp., containing sitosterol in the cell wall, ρ=0.346, p=0.015) was observed with an excess of easily digestible carbohydrates. Taking into account the data obtained, a correction of the diet have been proposed: increasing the consumption of carbohydrates to 7.3-7.5 g/kg of body weight/day by including bakery products from whole grain flour and cereals in the diet (up to 300-370 g/day), limiting simple sugars (up to 90-95 g/day). Conclusion. High physical activity leads to changes in the structure of blood microbial markers, including a shift towards an increase in potentially pathogenic fungi. Wherein, a predictive role is played by an imbalance of macronutrients in terms of quantitative and qualitative composition, an excess of simple sugars, and a lack of slowly digestible carbohydrates. To correct the diet, an additional inclusion in the diet of their main sources - products from cereals (cereals and bakery products) is proposed.

[Intestinal microbiote of athletes].

The intestinal microbiota, due to new data on its functions obtained in the last decade, has become a new target point of influence on the organism. However, nowadays knowledge about the possible impact of physical activity and sports on the composition of the gut microbiota and, as a result, on the organism is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge about the gut microbiota of healthy people with different levels of physical activity (from athletes to physically inactive people), and to identify patterns in the composition of the microbiota of various surveyed groups. Material and methods. A systematic search was carried out in electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and eLIBRARY. The search process was carried out using keywords and logical operators. We included the following studies in our review: a) crossover studies comparing the gut microbiome of subjects with different physical activity; b) studies involving healthy adult women and men (18-45 years old); c) studies written in English and Russian. We excluded studies containing dietary changes, consumption of probiotics or prebiotics, and studies of physical activity in sick people. Results and discussion. Total 743 articles were received, of which 14 articles fully met the search criteria, and 101 articles partially corresponded. An analysis of the data from these studies indicated noticeable differences in the microbiota between athletes and people leading an sedentary lifestyle: the athletes had a greater α-diversity of the microbiota, while the level of microorganisms of the phylum Bacteroidetes was reduced; Akkermansiaceae and Faecalibacterium bacteria are elevated in athletes and people with active lifestyles. Different levels of physical activity in physically active people according to the levels of cardiorespiratory endurance did not affect the level of α- and ß-diversity. When analyzing the effect of loads on the microbiota in various sports disciplines and skill levels, a connection was found with an increase in α-diversity in professionals and highly qualified athletes, with the relative content of series of bacteria (Methanobrevibacter smithii in professional cyclists; Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Oscillibacter, Bilophila, Megasphaera in athletes of high martial arts qualifications of wushu; Eubacterium rectale, Polynucleobacter needarius, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Gordonibacter massiliensis in athletes of international level of various sports), and certain genera of bacteria have been identified (Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Besilibacterium). Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a higher relative proportion of microbiota effective members, which are involved in the fermentation of complex polysaccharides and the production of short-chain fatty acids such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium hallii, Phascolarctobacterium, Eubacterium rectale, and Methanobrevibacter smithii, which increases the fermentation efficiency of many bacterial taxa in the gut by using hydrogen gas (H2) and formate to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane. There is a need to study other members of the microecological community, leading to a better understanding of the adaptation of the gut microbiota to levels of physical activity and its potentially positive effects on metabolism and endurance.

[Role of tomatoes and products thereof in human healthy diet].

Tomatoes are an essential part of the diet. Epidemiological studies have established a link between the consumption of tomatoes, which contain carotenoids, and a reduction in the risk of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Ripe tomato fruits are dark red in color due to the carotenoid lycopene, which is synthesized during fruit ripening. The aim of this review was to summarize and analyze modern data on the role of tomatoes and their processed products in healthy human nutrition. Results. The beneficial effects of this vegetable on bone health, cognitive function, and the cardiovascular system have been studied. However, large intervention studies are needed to confirm a real causal relationship between tomato consumption and the risk of these diseases. Given the presence of various useful bioactive components in tomatoes, the results of most studies provide a reason to include more tomatoes and their processed products in the diet. However, both excessive and regular consumption of this vegetable can cause some side effects in the human body. Conclusion. Recent studies highlight the relationship between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of various diseases such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tomatoes, thanks to the bioactive substances they contain, with an adequate level of consumption, can become effective component of a healthy diet.

[The importance of nuts in the prevention of various diseases].

Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein, dietary fiber, a number of micronutrients and biologically active substances. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the role of nuts in human nutrition. Results. Large prospective cohort studies show an association between regular consumption of nuts (>= 140 g per week) and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. In randomized controlled trials, strong evidence has been obtained that consuming nuts lowers blood cholesterol and improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent epidemiological studies show that high nut consumption does not increase body weight; rather, the inclusion of nuts in the hypocaloric diet can help to control or reduce body weight and waist circumference. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows that nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes and from chronic diseases. "Nut snack" is a good strategy to avoid weight gain and improve chemical composition of the diet. Conclusion. Adequate replacement of some foods in the diet with nuts does not cause body weight increase and helps to prevent a number of diseases.

[On the regulate tropane alkaloids in grain products].

Tropane alkaloids (TA) are metabolites of various plant species in the families Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae. Seeds of these weeds are found in flax, soy, sorghum, millet, sunflower, buckwheat and food products obtained from them, in herbals used as a part of food supplements and herbal teas. Despite the fact that the contamination of grain seeds by various parts of weeds reduces by sorting and clean up, a certain amount of TA gets into processed foods. An analysis of the consumption of TA with all types of foods, conducted by the European food safety Agency (EFSA), showed that TA intake with ration of various population groups can exceed the established level of single safe intake (ARfD) - 0.016 µg/kg of body weight (by 11-18% for adults, and by 5-25% for children depending on the age). The aim of the research was to justify the need to introduce regulations for the safe content of TA in grain products. Material and methods. The study process used hygiene, analytical methods, expert assessments on the basis of generalization and analysis of contemporary scientific researches published in databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, RISC, Russian and international regulatory and legislative documents. Results. The established risks associated with TA contamination of grain and grain-based foods, as well as food supplements based on herbs and herbal teas, make it necessary to monitor food products for it's presence. Conclusion. Due to the greater study of the risks associated with the presence of atropine and scopolamine in foods, scientific justification of safe levels of these TA in foods based on cereals, including baby foods for children under 3 years old containi ng millet, sorghum, buckwheat or products based on these cereals is required.

[Lipoic acid: physiological role and prospects for clinical application].

α-Lipoic acid (also known as thioctic acid) is a natural vitamin-like compound. Lipoic acid contains asymmetrical carbon, which causes the presence of two possible optical isomers (enantiomers): R-lipoic acid (levogyrate isomer) and S-lipoic acid (rightspinning isomer). Lipoic acid functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes, enhances the uptake of glucose by the cells, and modulates the activity of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. It was shown that α-lipoic acid and its derivative, dihydrolipoic acid, have a direct antioxidant effect due to the neutralization of reactive oxygen species that are destructive to DNA, proteins and lipids of cells. Dihydrolipoic acid enhances the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid, glutathione and ubiquinone. Available evidence suggests that supplementation with lipoic acid reduces the symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Results from randomized controlled trials show that high doses of lipoic acid can improve the glycemic profile of subjects with metabolic disorders. Lipoic acid can be used to control body weight in people with obesity. R-Lipoic acid is synthesized in the human body and is contained in foods in a form covalently associated with lysine (lipoyllysine). Its dose in dietary supplements significantly exceeds the amount in the diet. Most dietary supplements contain a racemic mixture of R- and S-lipoic acid.

[The association of rs993609 polymorphisms of gene FTO and rs659366 polymorphisms of gene UCP2 with obesity among Arctic Russian population].

It is known that particular qualities of the prevalence of obesity, characteristic for the population of the Far North, are connected with the presence of genetic polymorphisms. The association of two polymorphisms (rs993609 of FTO gene and rs659366 of UCP2 gene) with obesity was studied in 175 people living on the territory of the Russian Arctic (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District). The incidence of obesity risk allele (A) of FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism in the surveyed population of the Arctic (30.8%) was lower by 15% than that of the population of the central regions of Russia, Caucasian Americans and Europeans, but was higher by 18-20% than in Alaska inhabitants. The frequency of the A allele of the FTO gene was significantly 1.4-fold lower in indigenous Arctic people than in the alien population (p<0.05), that had significantly higher content of body fat (by 12%) than the indigenous population, including the Nenets (p<0.05). Рositive association had been identified between T allele rs659366 polymorphism of UCP2 gene and obesity risk in the surveyed who lived in the Arctic zone. Thus, the inhabitants of the Far North revealed the presence of genetic variants that contribute to heat production.

[Actual sanitary, epidemiological and hygienic aspects of a dietitian's activities in stationary medical institutions].

The article shows the relevance of the main areas of dietitians' training to sanitary and epidemiological and hygienic issues of organization of clinical nutrition in stationary medical institutions (MIs) at training and refresher courses on dietetics. The attention is focused on the new legislative, policy and regulatory instruments, sanitary and epidemiological and hygienic requirements, providing high quality, safety and efficacy of nutritional therapy in MIs. The role of dietitian in the organization of clinical nutrition is highlighted. There were set out rights and responsibilities of a dietitian as a representative of MI under inspections by Rospotrebnadzor bodies; the demands, put forward by these bodies to the tested object, and actions, taken by them.

[Actual aspects of state control of dietary, clinical and prophylactic nutrition in health care organizations].

A review is aimed to help professionals, who provide state sanitary control of dietary (clinical and prophylactic) nutrition in health care organizations. Taking into account the new modern legislative framework and the scientific and practical publications, the basic requirements for standardization, harmonization and individualization (personalization) of nutritional therapy and monitoring of their implementation in health care organizations by state sanitary authorities has been set out. The attention is focused on the optimization of clinical nutrition, as well as the methods of assessment of balance and nutritive value of the standard diets, their proper correction with dry protein composite blends and other specialized products of dietary clinical and prophylactic nutrition, including foods fortified with dietary and biologically active substances and food supplements (nutraceuticals). The paper describes ways to improve the organization of state sanitary and dietary nutritional care in health care organizations, outlines priority issues to be addressed to improve the nutritional care.

[Sensory analysis. Study of influence of assessors training duration on the panel efficiency].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the assessors group at different stages of training and estimate the influence of the duration of their training on the quality of the data obtained. The optimal training duration to work with descriptive methods, which is necessary and sufficient for reproducible evaluation of sensory properties has been determined. The training was conducted at three stages during 108 hours. It has been demonstrated that statistically significant differences among products can be already determined by assessors after 8 hours of training. By increasing the training duration the effectiveness of assessors was improved. Completion of training course led to a significant reduction in the mean square error for some sensory characteristics of the products and the variability of the scores.

[Sanitary-and-epidemiologic examination of the food-products].

Some aspects of sanitary and epidemiologic examination of food products are considered. The examination is an important part of sanitary and epidemiologic control and surveillance in the sphere of food safety and quality, consumer rights protection, consumer market and human welfare.

[Sanitary and epidemiological examination of foods under carrying sanitary and epidemiological surveillance on the customer border and at in the territory of the Customers Union].

The article concerns peculiarities of sanitary and epidemiological and hygienic examination of foods under carrying of sanitary-epidemiologic surveillance on the customer border and of the custom territory of the Customers Union of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Byelorussia.

[Evaluation and correction of the nutrition of children in a region contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl power plant accident]. / Otsenka i korrektsiia pitaniia detskogo naseleniia v raione, postradavshem ot avarii na Chernobylskoi AES.

Nutrition of 2 children groups aged 9 to 10 years and 14 to 15 years in the zone of Chernobyl accident was studied during 1 year in spring, summer and autumn with the help of questionnaires. Nutrition of children was appreciated as unsatisfactory. Structure of foodstuffs and their quantity are insufficient. Recommendations for improvement of children nutrition were developed.

[Food habits of the population in ecologically unfavorable regions]. / Sostoianie pitaniia naseleniia, prozhivaiushchego na ékologicheski neblagopriiatnoi territorii.

Nutrition of population living on the territory polluted after the Chernobyl accident is unsatisfactory. Structure of nutrition is inadequate, vitamin quantity insufficient. Recommendations on improvement of population nutrition are given.