Effects of Lactococcus lactis on colorectal cancer in various terms: a narrative review.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers with an increasing number of cases. Various studies have found an association between the gut microbiota balance and colorectal cancer incidence. Lactococcus lactis is a probiotic bacterium found in fermented foods, particularly yogurt and cheese. This probiotic has been shown to reduce various anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory agents that trigger cancer, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and natural killer (NK) cells. Methods: Full-text articles and original research published in the last ten years were used as references, and "Lactococcus and colorectal cancer" as keywords. The reference search is on several databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Nature. Searching results obtained eleven articles. Discussion: Lactococcus lactis does have a perfect role in suppressing cancer cells. Lactococcus lactis has anti-proliferative effects associated with decreased cyclin D1 expression in SW480 cell lines, decreased NK cells, reduced cancer cell viability, decreased IL-8 levels, and decreased IL-6. Conclusion: Lactococcus lactis contains nisin, which can suppress various gene, protein, and cytokine expressions that play a role in cancer cell growth. Probiotics can inhibit colorectal cancer without significant side effects.

Analysis of Urinary Iodine Concentration in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Breast Cancer Cases.

Iodine intake can affect thyroid and breast cells, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an effective biomarker for iodine intake. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between urinary iodine concentration in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and breast cancer (BC) subjects. METHODS: The study consisted of 80 subjects divided into case (20 DTC and 20 BC subjects) and control (40 subjects). Morning urine or spot urine was used for UIC measurement. RESULTS: In thyroid cancer, UIC median patients and controls were 195.45 ± 133.61 µg/L and 145 ± 39.64 µg/L, respectively, with p =0.33. The UIC median of PTC subjects was significantly higher compared to FTC subjects, 227.12±130.98 µg/L versus 68.75±22.95 µg/L, p=0.00, and papillary thyroid cancer is closely related to a high iodine excretion in urine with contingency coefficient  (c)=0.722. In BC patients, regardless of subtypes, breast cancer subjects showed a significantly lower iodine excretion level. The median of UIC patients and controls were 80.05 ± 38.24 µg/L and 144.25 ± 36.79 µg/L, respectively, p=0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine urine concentrations strongly correlate with the type of DTC histopathology, and in BC subjects, IUC was significantly lower compared to the control.

A comparative analysis between next-generation sequencing and conventional culture method to detect empyema-associated microorganisms: A systematic review.

Empyema poses a significant global health concern, yet identifying responsible bacteria remains elusive. Recent studies question the efficacy of conventional pleural fluid culture in accurately identifying empyema-causing bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic capabilities of next-generation sequencing (NGS) with conventional pleural fluid culture in identifying empyema-causing bacteria. Five databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, Research Gate, and PubMed) were used to search studies comparing conventional pleural fluid culture with NGS for identifying empyema-causing bacteria using keywords. Positive results identified through conventional pleural fluid culture and NGS were extracted. In addition, bacterial profiles identified by NGS were also documented. Joanna-Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was employed to assess quality of included studies. Descriptive analysis was employed to present outcome of interests. From five databases, three studies, with 354 patients, were included. Findings from three studies showed that NGS outperformed conventional pleural fluid culture in detecting empyema-causing bacteria even in culture-negative samples. Moreover, dominant bacterial profiles identified through NGS included Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobic bacteria. In conclusion, NGS outperforms conventional pleural fluid culture in detection empyema-causing bacteria, yet further studies with larger samples and broader bacterial profiles are needed to increase confidence and urgency in its adoption over conventional pleural fluid culture.

The Role of Molecular Imaging in Personalized Medicine.

The concept of personalized medicine refers to the tailoring of medical treatment to each patient's unique characteristics. Scientific advancements have led to a better understanding of how a person's unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. It provides individualized medical treatments that will be safe and effective for each patient. Molecular imaging modalities play an essential role in this aspect. They are used widely in screening, detection and diagnosis, treatment, assessing disease heterogeneity and progression planning, molecular characteristics, and long-term follow-up. In contrast to conventional imaging approaches, molecular imaging techniques approach images as the knowledge that can be processed, allowing for the collection of relevant knowledge in addition to the evaluation of enormous patient groups. This review presents the fundamental role of molecular imaging modalities in personalized medicine.

Radiopharmaceutical Treatments for Cancer Therapy, Radionuclides Characteristics, Applications, and Challenges.

Advances in the field of molecular biology have had an impact on biomedical applications, which provide greater hope for both imaging and therapeutics. Work has been intensified on the development of radionuclides and their application in radiopharmaceuticals (RPS) which will certainly influence and expand therapeutic approaches in the future treatment of patients. Alpha or beta particles and Auger electrons are used for therapy purposes, and each has advantages and disadvantages. The radionuclides labeled drug delivery system will deliver the particles to the specific targeting cell. Different radioligands can be chosen to uniquely target molecular receptors or intracellular components, making them suitable for personal patient-tailored therapy in modern cancer therapy management. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled nanoparticle drug delivery systems that can allow for specific multivalent attachment of targeted molecules of antibodies, peptides, or ligands to the surface of nanoparticles for therapy and imaging purposes. This review presents fundamental radionuclide properties with particular reference to tumor biology and receptor characteristic of radiopharmaceutical targeted therapy development.

Analysis Natrium Iodide Symporter Expression in Breast Cancer Subtypes for Radioiodine Therapy Response.

PURPOSE: This study investigates natrium iodide symporter (NIS) expression in three breast cancer subtypes to predict radioiodine response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen breast tissues from triple negative (TN), human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2+), and luminal A cancers were used in this research. NIS protein expression in each subtype was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB). Secondary data such as age, subtypes, and Ki 67 index were drawn from the surgical oncologist database. Breast cancer cell lines were used to investigate the effect of radioiodine by measuring cell proliferation. RESULTS: The forty-one breast cancer samples were analyzed consisted of the following subtypes: TN, HER2+, and luminal A were 58%, 22%, and 20% respectively. The stages of disease were 2A to 4A. Most of samples were at 3B. Ki 67 index of TN, HER2+, and luminal A were 21 ± 12, 19 ± 5, and 7 ± 3 respectively. The NIS expression was detected in 95% of samples in cytoplasm and/or cell membrane; 93% of samples were invasive breast carcinomas. Only 20% of the samples showed NIS expression at cell membrane; four samples were HER2+, and other four were TN subtypes. NIS membrane score was significantly positively correlated with Ki67 index, p = 0.04. NIS protein expression was detected at sizes 88 kDa, 50 kDa, and 27 kDa. Cell proliferation rate means of MDA-MB 231, SKBR3, and MCF7 cells were 81.6 ± 4, 10.6 ± 5, and 15.4 ± 13 respectively (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: NIS protein expression is detectable in breast cancer cells to varying degrees. HER2+ is the most likely to express NIS in the cell membrane followed by TN subtypes. This indicates that radioiodine could be used as a novel adjuvant treatment in breast cancer.

Epidermal Growth Factor and Adenosine Triphosphate Induce Natrium Iodide Symporter Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

AIM: This study aims to investigate the effect of ATP, EGF and combination of those two to the Natrium Iodide Symporter (NIS) expression in MCF7, SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines. METHODS: MCF7, SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines were treated with ATP, EGF and combination of those two for 6, 12 and 24 hours. The expression of NIS mRNA was measured through quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The NIS protein expression was confirmed by immunocytofluorescence. RESULTS: NIS mRNA was expressed in SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines but not in MCF7. The levels of NIS mRNA expression, after treatment by epidermal growth factor (EGF), adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) or the combination of both for 6 and 12 hours were not significantly different from those of untreated cells. However, the treatment by a combination of ATP and EGF for 24 hours increases the level of NIS mRNA expression by 1.6 fold higher than that of the untreated cells (1.6241 ± 0.3, p < 0.05) and protein NIS expression increase significantly by the treatment than untreated cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The level of NIS expression varies among the different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines. MCF7 cell line is representing the luminal A subtype of breast cancer does not express NIS. Only SKBR3 cell line express NIS and this subtype might be suitable to receive radioiodine therapy as those cells expressing NIS. A combination treatment of EGF and ATP increases the expression of NIS mRNA and protein at the membrane in SKBR3 cells.