Novel benzoylthiourea derivatives had differential anti-inflammatory photodynamic therapy potentials on in vitro stimulated mammalian macrophages.

Novel benzoylthioureas, N-((5-chloropyridin-2yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL1), N-((2-chloropyridin-3yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL2), N-((5-bromopyridin-2yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL3) and N-(Naphthalene-1-yl(phenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL4), were synthesized. Their characterizations were made by FT-IR,1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometric analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted to determine the crystal structure of HL1 and HL4.  The HL1 crystallization conditions are: in the monoclinic crystal system with P21/c space group, Z = 2, a = 8.118(2) Å, b = 12.056(3) Å, c = 13.753(4) Å. HL4crystallization conditions are: in the orthorhombic crystal system with Pbca space group, Z = 8, a = 19.597(9) Å, b = 8.270(4) Å, c = 24.299(11) Å. Investigation of photodynamic and antiinflamatory effects of these compounds revealed that they are potent adducts. Using these derivatives, mammalian macrophages were stimulated with LPS to test their anti-inflammatory activity. Based on pro-inflammatory cytokine production levels, the photodynamic anti-inflammatory activity of these adducts were found to differ. Our results showedthat benzoylthioureas can be used as potential photodynamic therapy agents to suppress the excessive inflammatory reactions encountered in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.

Synergetic effects of Fe3+ doped spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for high surface electrode hybrid supercapacitors.

In this work, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based electrode materials were developed to achieve a hybrid supercapacitor (SC) function. Therefore, several synthesis methods were developed to prepare a cost effective and environmentally friendly rGO. Additionally, to maintain the high surface area, spinel lithium titanate (sLTO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and deposited on the rGO surface to inhibit the restacking of the rGO layers on graphite. Furthermore, the adequate Fe-doping of sLTO increased the ionic conductivity and the intercalation capacity, which is necessary for a SC performance. The sLTO/rGO-composites were electrochemically analysed by chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to determine the stability during charge/discharge cycling and the capacity, respectively. To overcome the drawback of LTO's low conductivity values, its value has been drastically increased by Fe-doping. The results demonstrated the remarkable cycling performance of the Fe:LTO/rGO composite as well as a higher capacity compared to LTO/rGO and pure rGO-electrodes. The thermal stability, degradation and weight loss of the sLTO/rGO in the temperature range between 20 °C and 800 °C were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG)/DTA. As a conclusion, it can be stated that, increasing the ionic conductivity by Fe-doping drastically increases the hybrid capacity of the SC electrodes.