RESUMO
We describe an entomological dual-band 808 and 980â nm lidar system which has been implemented in a tropical cloud forest (Ecuador). The system was successfully tested at a sample rate of 5â kHz in a cloud forest during challenging foggy conditions (extinction coefficients up to 20â km-1). At times, the backscattered signal could be retrieved from a distance of 2.929â km. We present insect and bat observations up to 200â m during a single night with an emphasis on fog aspects, potentials, and benefits of such dual-band systems. We demonstrate that the modulation contrast between insects and fog is high in the frequency domain compared to intensity in the time domain, thus allowing for better identification and quantification in misty forests. Oscillatory lidar extinction effects are shown in this work for the first time, caused by the combination of dense fog and large moths partially obstructing the beam. We demonstrate here an interesting case of a moth where left- and right-wing movements induced oscillations in both intensity and pixel spread. In addition, we were able to identify the dorsal and ventral sides of the wings by estimating the corresponding melanization with the dual-band lidar. We demonstrate that the wing beat trajectories in the dual-band parameter space are complementary rather than covarying or redundant, thus a dual-band entomological lidar approach to biodiversity studies is feasible in situ and endows species specificity differentiation. Future improvements are discussed. The introduction of these methodologies opens the door to a wealth of possible experiments to monitor, understand, and safeguard the biological resources of one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth.
Assuntos
Florestas , Insetos , Animais , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
AbstrAct background: among the many processes responsible for antimicrobial resistance, inappropriate antibiotic use and self-medication are major public health concerns. To tackle antibiotic resistance and its widespread misuse, is important to identify the social, cultural, and economic differences associated with the problem. Objective: to determine the percentage of antibiotics used without medical prescription in children under five years old with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection according to their families' socioeconomic characteristics in Ecuador. Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional design was set, using a structured questionnaire to assess mothers who attended urban and rural primary health care units with their children under five years old and belonged to the middle or lower social strata. A sample of 947 individuals was obtained from February to April 2011. Informed consent was acquired from those willing and eligible participants. The descriptive analysis used frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation and chi-square. Quantitative information was processed using SPSS version 17. Results: those from lower socioeconomic strata used antibiotics to treat symptoms of upper respiratory infections of their children without medical prescription in a higher percentage (35.57%) than middle socioeconomic strata (27.7%, p<0.01). Mothers who had university level education had more knowledge about measures to prevent antibiotic resistance (57.14%) than those with only a primary school education (13.59% p<0.05). Conclusion: antibiotic use in children under five years old with symptoms of upper respiratory infection is high, mainly among those study participants corresponding to lower socioeconomic strata who mostly live in the rural area. MÉD.UIs. 2017;30(2):21-7.
Resumen Introducción: entre los múltiples procesos responsables de la resistencia antimicrobiana, el uso inadecuado de los antibióticos y la automedicación son problemas alarmantes en salud pública. Para la contención de la resistencia a los antibióticos y la ampliación del mal uso, es importante identificar las diferencias sociales, culturales y económicas asociadas al problema. Objetivo: determinar el porcentaje de uso de antibióticos sin prescripción médica en niños menores de cinco años, con síntomas de infección del tracto respiratorio superior de acuerdo las características socioeconómicas de sus familias en Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un diseño transversal utilizando un cuestionario estructurado para evaluar a madres pertenecientes a estratos sociales medio y bajo, quienes asistieron con sus hijos menores de cinco años a unidades urbanas y rurales de atención primaria de salud. Se obtuvo desde febrero a abril de 2011, una muestra de 947 individuos que dieron su consentimiento informado. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo mediante el uso de frecuencias, porcentajes, medias, desviación estándar y chi cuadrado. Para el procesamiento de la información cuantitativa se utilizó SPSS versión 17. Resultados: los estratos socioeconómicos más bajos usaron antibióticos sin prescripción médica para tratar síntomas de infecciones respiratorias del tracto respiratorio superior de sus hijos en un mayor porcentaje (35,57%), comparado con los del estrato económico medio (27,7%, p <0.01). Las madres con educación universitaria tuvieron más conocimiento sobre medidas para la prevención de la resistencia bacteriana (57,14%) que aquellas con solamente educación primaria (13,59% p<0,05). Conclusiones: el uso de antibióticos en niños menores de 5 años con síntomas de infección respiratoria alta es elevado, principalmente en aquellos participantes pertenecientes al estrato socioeconómico bajo, quienes viven en su mayoría en el área rural. MÉD.UIs. 2017;30(2):21-7.
