Characterization of G protein ß subunit expression of human brain Glioma tumor.

Proteome indicates the protein content of a genome. Proteome analysis is effective in a new system formulation and prediction, prevention, and treatment based on protein. One of the purposes of proteomics researches is to know and understand the cancer mechanism. In this study, we separated the proteins by the Two-Dimensional Electrophorese method and analyzed and compared protein spots by statistical and software data. The spots were separated and identified by the proteins' Isoelectric PH differences, molecular weights, and data bank. In continuation, the protein profiles were clustered by MALDI-TOF-TOF and the main element was identified and confirmed. We have used site PhosphoSitePlus® to review post-translational modifications. The findings indicated that the G protein Beta subunit rate increased in the astrocytoma, oligodendroglia, and glioblastoma cerebral malignant tumors. The ßγ complex formation may prevent and activates many paths of cellular growth. The ßγ complex activity control of the changes after the conversion parallel to GTPase activity of this α subunit may be a formulation mechanism for the G signal path (Tab. 5, Fig. 4, Diagram 2, Ref. 29). Keywords: glioma, G protein ß subunit, proteomics.

The effect of L-arginine supplementation on body composition and performance in male athletes: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.266.

The effect of l-arginine supplementation on body composition and performance in male athletes: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Athletes used a lot of dietary supplements to achieve the more muscle mass and improve their athletic performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of l-arginine supplementation on sport performance and body composition in male soccer players. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This double-blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 56 male soccer players, with age range of 16-35, who referred to sport clubs in Isfahan, Iran. Subjects were randomly assigned to either l-arginine or placebo groups. Athletes received daily either 2 g per day l-arginine supplement or the same amount of placebo (maltodextrin) for 45 days. Sport performance and also body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM) and lean body mass (LBM) were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Also, 3-day dietary records were collected at three different time points (before, in the middle of, and at the end of the study). RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was 20.85±4.29 years. Sport performance (VO2 max) significantly increased in l-arginine supplementation group (4.12±6.07) compared with placebo group (1.23±3.36) (P=0.03). This increase remained significant even after adjustment of baseline values, physical activity and usual dietary intake of subjects throughout the study. No significant effect of l-arginine supplementation was found on weight, BMI, BFM and LBM. CONCLUSIONS: l-arginine supplementation (2 g per day) could increase the sport performance in male athletes, but had no effect on anthropometric measurements, including BMI, BFM and LBM. So, further studies are needed to shed light our findings.

Degradation of Diclofenac by sonosynthesis of pyrite nanoparticles.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the ability of synthesized pyrite nanoparticles (NPs) on the degradation of Diclofenac (DCF) as a model pharmaceutical pollutant. Pyrite NPs were synthesized by sonication with 20 kHz apparatus under optimum conditions. The effects of pyrite loading (0.02-0.20 g/L), DCF concentration (10-50 mg/L) and initial pH (2-10) on the degradation were investigated. The results revealed that the NPs have a great activity in the degradation of DCF with 25 mg/L concentration. A first-order kinetic model was found to match the experimental data. Complete degradation (100%) of DCF was achieved by pyrite within 3 min and 20 min in acidic and natural pH, respectively. To gain an understanding of the degradation mechanism and the role of pyrite, a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was employed to follow the DCF concentration. In addition, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the amounts of ammonium and chloride ions verified complete degradation of DCF in both pH values. The results demonstrated that Fe2+ ions were generated by the pyrite surface and the hydroxyl radical (OH) was formed by Fe2+ ions through the Fenton reaction. Based on using radical scavengers in the degradation process, OH was mainly responsible for the fast degradation of DCF. COD measurements confirmed that DCF finally degraded to further oxidized forms (NH4+, Cl-).

Ultrasound facilitates the synthesis of potassium hexatitanate and co-intercalation with PbS-CdS nanoparticles.

In this paper, ultrasonic irradiation was applied for the synthesis of K2Ti6O13 nanobelts and novel nanocomposite (PbS-CdS/Ti6O13) through ion exchanging and co-intercalation processes. Thirty minutes of ultrasonic irradiation caused the formation of pure, uniform potassium hexatitanate with smaller particle size. The incorporation of PbS and CdS nanoparticles into the layers and on the surface of titanate in the presence of ultrasound was done directly, without pre-treatment process and led to the preparation of new nanocomposite. The physicochemical properties of the layered K2Ti6O13 and PbS-CdS/Ti6O13 nanocomposite were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence technique (PL). The results showed that the PbS-CdS/Ti6O13 possessed a higher interlayer spacing than that of K2Ti6O13, which indicated the formation of an intercalated nanomaterial. Besides that the absorption edge of titanate shifted to the visible light region owing to the incorporation of semiconductor guest molecules. These characteristics make these nanocomposites promising for use as photocatalysts. Besides that, other samples were synthesized by stirring method at the same conditions and their characteristics were compared with sono-synthesized samples.

Simple and versatile one-step synthesis of FeS2 nanoparticles by ultrasonic irradiation.

The synthesis of stable pyrite nanocrystals (NCs) in a simple way is very difficult. A facile and single-stage ultrasonic synthesis route has been successfully developed for the preparation of pyrite (FeS2) NCs in 10min and 70°C. In this study, the influences of reaction time, temperature, and acoustic power on the formation of the target compound were considered. In addition, a comparison was made of the synthesis of pyrite NCs by sonication with 20kHz apparatus and by the classical method (without ultrasound). The as-prepared pyrite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectrophotometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD of the sample prepared by classical method indicated a typical cubic FeS2 with space group Pa3 and the average size of 16nm. Sulfur as an impurity in the sample was verified by XRD analysis. The sample prepared by ultrasound showed two phases of pyrite, cubic and marcasite structures. The space groups were pa3 and pnnm, respectively and the average size was 28.8nm. According to the SEM images, the morphology of the synthesized pyrite using the two methods are closely the same. The FT-IR and Raman spectra presented the FeS, FeS and SS functional groups. In addition, the sono-synthesis of pyrite was done under milder conditions and in shorter time with better features than classical method.

Sonosynthesis of an Ag/AgBr/Graphene-oxide nanocomposite as a solar photocatalyst for efficient degradation of methyl orange.

In this study, a new method has developed for the synthesis of Ag/AgBr/Graphene-oxide (Ag/AgBr/GO) nanocomposite with high adsorption capacity and high photocatalytic activity in degradation of methyl orange (MO). In this method, ultrasound was applied in the synthesis and it was facilitated the process. The samples prepared under ultrasound were shown as Ag/AgBr/GO-U, and the samples under conventional method as Ag/AgBr/GO-C. The results of FT-IR, XRD, Raman, DRS and SEM confirmed the structure of the nanocomposites very well. Ultrasound played a key role in the formation of nanocomposite with smaller size of GO sheets and particles. Different amount of GO was used in the nanocomposite composition and their photocatalytic activities were compared. The MO in solution was completely degraded in 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min with Ag/AgBr/GO-U-1 that contained 1 mg mL(-1) GO, Ag/AgBr/GO-U-0.5 that contained 0.5 mg mL(-1) GO and Ag/AgBr/GO-C-0.5 that contained 0.5 mg mL(-1) GO, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements displayed a complete mineralization in 30 min for Ag/AgBr/GO-U-0.5. The data obtained from the degradation experiments were fitted to the first-order kinetics and the adsorption obeyed the Langmuir model. The nanocatalyst did not exhibit significant loss of activity even after four cycles of successive uses. To determine the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of MO, different scavengers were used. Based on the results, the superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hole had a key role in the degradation process. The Ag/AgBr/GO-U-1 nanocomposite exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity due to its high adsorption capacity and enhanced charge transfer.

Sono-intercalation of CdS nanoparticles into the layers of titanate facilitates the sunlight degradation of Congo red.

In this paper, the degradation of Congo red (CR) as a dye was investigated by a new synthetic photocatalyst. The synthesis was done through the intercalation of CdS in the layers of titanate (K2Ti4O9) by the assistance of ultrasound. The photocatalyst was prepared via ion-exchange reaction and sulfuration processes in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation. The samples were characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV-Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The deposition of CdS nanoparticles on the surface and between the spaces of titanate layers led to the shift of absorption edge of titanate to the visible light region. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of CR has been evaluated through the addition of some scavengers to the solution. In addition, the stability and reusability of the catalyst were examined in this work too.

Modification of C/TiO2@MCM-41 with nickel nanoparticles for photocatalytic desulfurization enhancement of a diesel fuel model under visible light.

Ni metal nanoparticles were attached on the C/TiO2@MCM-41 (CTM-41) via facile and fast method based on dispersing of C/TiO2@MCM-41 in aqueous solution containing nickel ions by ultrasonic bath. Then, for the first time, the Ni ions were converted to Ni nanoparticles under UV light (photo-assisted deposition, PAD method), without using reducing agents and hydrogen gas. This process was carried out under the relatively mild conditions. The results showed that Ni (II) was reduced to Ni metallic nanoparticle in the size of about 2.7 nm on the surface of CTM-41 (Ni/CTM-41) with specific surface area of 754.37 m(2) g(-1). The photocatalytic ultra-deep desulfurization of a fuel-like n-octane containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) was conducted over the Ni/CTM-41 nanophotocatalyst. Using this method, the total sulfur content efficiently decreased under mild conditions in one phase and without using an oxidant. The synthesized Ni/CTM-41 (3% Ni) exhibited the maximum photocatalytic desulfurization of DBT for all different ratios of Si/Ti. In contrast, the synthesized CTM-41 (without Ni) exhibited the maximum photocatalytic desulfurization of DBT only for minimum ratio of Si/Ti. The Ni/CTM-41 was characterized by several techniques including N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, TEM, and atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques. The results confirmed that Ni was highly dispersed on the support phase. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the photocatalytic removal of DBT. Based on the experimental results, it is proposed that the hydroxyl radical and hole have key role in the photocatalytic desulfurization process.

Generation and characterization of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against TNFR1.

TNF is from a big family of cytokines with different activities in different parts of the body. Among the various activities of TNFR1, induction of apoptosis by a receptor appears to be an attractive and promising one. This can be achieved through the death domain of the receptor in cells that are stimulated by ligand, to induce apoptosis. Activation of the receptor occurs through its occupation by ligands or its antagonists such as antibodies. Several kinds of antibodies, including antibodies of mammals and birds are used in the research and therapy field. Avian antibodies are highly regarded which is due to the many positive characteristics they have. Firstly, total protein of TNFR1 was cloned. Blood sampling was performed, white blood cell separation, extraction of RNA and at cDNA synthesis. After making sure from synthesis of cDNA, it was used as template for PCR reaction. The cloned fragment in the prokaryotic expression vector, pET28a, transferred to prokaryotic host, BL21(DE3) and the protein (TNFR1) expressed. After protein purification by affinity column were injected to immunize the chickens. Interestingly, antibodies purified from egg yolk of immunized chickens, in ELISA assay showed sufficient specificity. Such antibodies could able to ensure quick and immediate protection against several biotargets (Fig. 4, Ref. 37).

Sono-synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil by KF/γ-Al2O3 as a nano-solid-base catalyst.

In this work, biodiesel has successfully prepared via ultrasonic method in a short time and low temperature by nano-solid-base catalyst (KF/γ-Al2O3). The catalyst was obtained by calcination of a mixture of KF and γ-Al2O3 m(KF)/m(γ-Al2O3) at 500 °C for 3 h. Nano-solid-base catalyst was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal gravimetry (TG) and the Hammett indicator methods. The TEM image depicted nanoparticles and uniform dispersion of active phase over alumina. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of potassium aluminum fluoride (K3AlF6) and potassium oxide, active catalyst for transesterification. The transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was performed by using both low frequency ultrasonic reactor (20 kHz) and mechanical stirring in the presence of KF/γ-Al2O3. The influence of various parameters such as ultrasonic power, oil/methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, time, and temperature were studied on the biodiesel formation. The maximum yield (95%) was achieved by applying 45 W acoustic power, molar ratio of alcohol to oil at 12:1, catalyst concentration of 2.0 wt%, 40 min sonication, and temperature of 50 °C. The transesterification was performed in 360 min using mechanical stirring with 76% yield. The results confirm that ultrasound significantly accelerates the transesterification reaction in comparison with the mechanical stirring.

Facile and fast synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets via bath ultrasonic irradiation.

For the first time, this work reports a facile sonochemical route in the synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) via oxidation of graphite (G). The synthesis of GO was carried out in a fast way under ultrasonic bath irradiation (GO-U). In comparison, the synthesis of GO via classical method (GO-C) was done under the same conditions as ultrasonic method. The products were completely different and the oxidation did not happen the same as way as ultrasonic method. Furthermore, GO was synthesized based on classical approach that most commonly used (GO-C'), not under the same conditions as ultrasonic method. The GO sheets were characterized using UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermal gravimetry (TG), and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The XRD confirms that the spaces between GO-U and GO-C' sheets were higher than graphite. Also, XRD indicated that the GO-U has fewer sheets rather than GO-C'. The TEM observations were confirmed the synthesis of nanosheets. The UV-Vis results were shown the absorption peaks at 230nm for GO-U and GO-C', at 245nm for GO-C, and at 255nm for G. The blue shift in GO-U with respect to G and GO-C can be interpreted based on the higher character of sp(3)/sp(2) in GO-U than G and GO-C. The FT-IR presents the oxygenated functional groups on graphene oxide sheets. A reduction in size of the in-plane sp(2) domains was observed by Raman spectrum. The BET analysis for G, GO-U and GO-C' confirmed that GO-U has a highest specific surface area among all the samples. Therefore, the ultrasonic bath method even with low intensity has a fundamental role in the synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets and it is relatively fast, simple, cost-effective and efficient as compared to the classical method.

Solar photocatalytic degradation of RB5 by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles synthesized via ultrasound.

In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was investigated with ferrite bismuth synthesized via ultrasound under direct sunlight irradiation. The intensity of absorption peaks of RB5 gradually decreased by increasing the irradiation time and finally vanished in 50 min in acidic medium. The formation of new intermediate was observed in basic medium. The relative concentration of RB5 in solution and on the surface of ferrite bismuth (BiFeO3) nanoparticles was considered during the experiment in acidic and basic media. The effects of various parameters such as amount of catalyst, concentration of dye, and pH of the solution have been studied on the dye degradation. The adsorption isotherm and the kinetic of photocatalytic degradation of RB5 were investigated. The adsorption constants in the dark and in the presence of sunlight irradiation were compared. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of RB5 has been evaluated through the addition of some scavengers to the solution. In addition, the stability and reusability of the catalyst were examined in this work.

Kinetic investigation on sono-degradation of Reactive Black 5 with core-shell nanocrystal.

The experimental data of sonocatalytic degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as an azo dye by core-shell nanocrystals (CdS-TiO(2)) were applied to the proper kinetic models. In this work, two kinetic models were proposed and fitted properly to the data. In the first one, the heterogeneous reaction was considered similar to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism and the kinetic rate parameters were determined. In this model, short time of sonication with initial concentration changes has been applied and the contribution of the reaction intermediates has been neglected in degradation. Hence, this model may not be valid for longer reaction times where the reaction intermediates effects prevail. In the second one, two first-order reactions in series provided the most convincing rate form for the sonodegradation of dyes adsorbed on the synthesized nanocomposite. In these series reactions, the first step is the conversion of colored dye to colored intermediate, and the second step is the conversion to colorless product(s). The obtained results were in good agreement with the proposed kinetic models. The rate constants of degradation of catalyzed reaction were higher than that obtained without catalyst, solar and UV irradiation.

A novel approach for the synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn3O4 nanocrystals by ultrasonic bath.

In this study, the synthesis of Mn(3)O(4) (husmannite) nanoparticles was carried out in two different alkali media under sonication by ultrasonic bath and conventional method. Manganese acetate was used as precursor, sodium hydroxide and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) as basic reagents in this synthesis. An ultrasonic bath with low intensity was used for the preparation of nanomaterials. The as prepared samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, TEM), energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) analysis. The XRD patterns exhibit the nanocrystals are in pure tetragonal phase. The chemical composition was obtained by EDS analysis and confirmed the presence of Mn and O in the sample. According to the TEM and HRTEM results, both nanorods and nanoparticles of Mn(3)O(4) were obtained in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation. The average size of nanoparticles was 10nm, and the size of nanorods was 12 nm in diameter and 100-900 nm in length for the samples prepared in basic medium with sodium hydroxide. In the conventional method with the same basic medium, the nanorod was not observed and the nearly cubic nanoparticles was appeared with an average size of 2.5 nm. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns revealed that the nanocrystals are polycrystalline in nature. When HMT was used as a basic reagent in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, it was led to a higher size of nanoparticles and nanorods than when sodium hydroxide was used as a basic reagent. The average size of nanoparticles was about 15 nm and its shape was nearly cubic. The diameter for nanorods was 50 nm and the length was about a few micrometers. The magnetic measurements were carried out on the sample prepared in sodium hydroxide under ultrasonic irradiation. These measurements as a function of temperature and field strength showed a reduction in ferrimagnetic temperature (T(c) = 40K) as compared to those reported for the bulk (T(c) = 43K). The superparamagnetic behavior was observed at room temperature with no saturation magnetization and hysteresis in the region of measured field strength.

A novel method for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles without surfactant.

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles with a hexagonal phase (∼10 nm) were prepared at a relatively low temperature (70°C). This synthesis was carried out shortly (30 min) through a new micro-emulsion (O/W) induced by ultrasound without surfactant. Ultrasound can provide an excess energy for new interface formation and obtain emulsions even in the absence of surfactants. This technique avoids some problems that normally exist in conventional micro-emulsion synthesis such as the presence of different additives and calcinations. In addition, it was possible to tune the particle size, the band gap, and the phases of CdS nanoparticles by changing the variables such as ultrasonic irradiation time, intensity, precursor, and ratio of the components. It was also found that the synthesized nanoparticles have a band-edge emission at about 460 nm with a blue-shift to a higher energy which is due to the typical quantum confinement effects. The product was characterized by different techniques such as UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).

Cadmium and lead ions can be removed simultaneously from a binary aqueous solution by the sono-sorption method.

This paper presents the effect of ultrasound on the simultaneous removal of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions from a binary aqueous solution in the presence of natural sorbent (sono-sorption method). The obtained results compare with the results of control method which was achieved in the absence of ultrasound. The experiments under sonication were carried out by 20 kHz apparatus. The effect of different parameters such as the amount of sorbent, contact time, temperature, and specially the competitive sorption of ions were considered for both methods. It is found that the sorption efficiency of Cd(2+) was decreased in the presence of Pb(2+). But, the presence of Cd(2+) had a negligible effect on the removal of Pb(2+). The results show that in the binary solution, the removal efficiency was higher in the presence of ultrasound than the control method. Both ions in binary solution can be removed to near completion with ultrasound. Two different multi-component isotherm equations based on the Langmuir isotherm were applied on the studied system to predict the sorption behavior of the components.

Water softening by combination of ultrasound and ion exchange.

Ion exchange resin used in this work was styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer with sulfonic acid group as a strong acid cation resin. This resin is particularly well suited for the removal of water hardness. In water treatment, commonly used softening processes are chemical precipitation and ion exchange. In this study, a combination of ultrasound and ion exchange was applied for reducing the hardness of water. The rate of exchange or kinetics of ion exchange is governed by several parameters. Therefore, important variables such as intensity of ultrasound, amount of resin, concentration of ions and contact time were investigated. The experimental data related to the removal of magnesium and calcium ions were fitted properly with Langmuir model. The kinetic of removal for both ions was pseudo-first-order. In point of mechanism, the internal porous and film diffusion were both effective in the process. The capacity of sorption and the velocity of removal were higher in the presence of ultrasound than control method and this is related to the cavitation process.

Simultaneous removal of copper and lead ions from a binary solution by sono-sorption process.

The aim of this work is to compare the simultaneous sorption of copper and lead ions from a binary aqueous solution in the presence and in the absence of ultrasound. The experiments under sonication were carried out by 20-kHz apparatus. Results indicated that the removal of copper and lead ions from a binary aqueous solution was greater in the presence of ultrasound than in control method. The removal of these ions was examined by varying experimental conditions such as the amount of sorbent, contact time, and temperature. In addition, the competitive sorption of ions was considered with different concentrations of each ion under the constant total concentration. The Langmuir isotherm model fits adequately the experimental data. In point of kinetics, the second-order kinetic model describes the sorption process for both ions. It was found that more than 90% of the lead and 60% of the copper ions was removed in less than 2min from the solution under sonication. The thermodynamic parameters such as DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees , and DeltaS degrees were determined for the sorption of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) from the temperature dependence of the sorption process.

Sono-synthesis of imidazolidine-2-thione as a base compound of some pharmaceutical products.

This work describes the results of investigations carried out to investigate the synthesis of imidazolidine-2-thione as a heterocyclic compound in the presence of ultrasound (sono-synthesis) and in the absence of ultrasound (conventional method). Instead of reflux in the conventional method, the mixture was sonicated indirectly in sono-synthetic method with 500 kHz at different temperatures. Some experiments were also carried out without catalyst with 500 and 900 kHz. In the conventional method, the yield of the reaction was increased by increasing the temperature but in sono-synthetic method, the thermal dependence was different in the range of temperature studied (10-50 degrees C). In the presence of ultrasound, the yield was reached to more than 93% after 1h but in the conventional method it reached only 27% under the same conditions. Comparison was carried out with and without catalyst. It is also possible to achieve a high yield of product under sonication without the use of a catalyst.