Otherness measuring scale: design and validation for social sciences.

This paper is the result of a scale validation process, applicable to social science research, which allows the constructs of otherness and coexistence and their relationship to be trasnformed into measurable, systematized variables. In turn, this scale is the product of a research project whose main objectives were (i) to demonstrate the relationship between coexistence as an independent variable and otherness as a dependent variable, and (ii) to create and statistically validate a scale to measure both variables, so to use it in applied research. The sample consisted of 600 participants. Three instruments were used: two semantic differentials and a 33-item questionnaire. The application was carried out virtually due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method includes a mixed type of work, i.e., qualitative, and quantitative procedures. The results showed two factors, the other as strange or foreign and the other as equal. The final scale consisted of 10 items, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 and variance explaining 58% of the otherness.

Technical note: Validity of a non-destructive device for opening dental arches in rigor mortis cadavers.

Forensic dental autopsy is a fundamental procedure for the study of a death under judicial investigation in the search for postmortem (PM) information that can be compared with the antemortem (AM) data available from the cadaver. One of the major difficulties in taking postmortem evidence is the opening of the mouth, limited in many cases by the phenomenon of cadaveric rigidity or rigor mortis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new device designed to facilitate the opening of the dental arches in rigor mortis corpses. For this purpose, a sample of 30 corpses (22 men and 8 women; mean age 42.18 years and 38.75 years) from the Institute of Legal Medicine of the city of Lima (Peru) was analyzed. A forensic odontologist designed and manufactured the apparatus and carried out the sample analysis process. The initial and maximum measurements of oral cavity opening were recorded and a paired Student's t-test was applied to observe the difference between these initial and maximum measurements obtained (p < 0.05). The results showed that the average oral opening obtained with the new appliance was 43.83 ± 3.62 mm, with an average initial opening of 6.49 ± 3.04 mm (p < 0.001). The efficacy was similar in men and women (maximum opening M: 51.70 mm - F: 53.00 mm). In 29 of the 30 carcasses studied (96.7%) an opening greater than 40 mm was obtained, the latter being a minimum measurement sufficient to access the oral cavity. The efficacy of this new instrument for oral autopsy purposes is highlighted, since it does not cause destruction of the soft tissues and allows the correct manipulation of the oral structures present.

Cuidado de nietos(as) en un contexto crítico y/o vulnerable y las implicaciones en la salud de la abuela / Care of grandchildren in a critical and/or vulnerable context and the implications for the grandmother's health

El estudio aborda a la abuela cómo un fenómeno social y cultural que le compete a la disciplina de enfermería, al describir cómo el cuidado del nieto en un contexto crítico y/o vulnerable (comunas 13 y 14 de la ciudad de Cali) están implicados en su salud. Con relación a la metodología se empleó un tipo de investigación cualitativa descriptiva, con un diseño de etnografía enfocada. Participaron 11 abuelas de 37 a 67 años que cuidan nietos de 0 a 6 años mínimo 3 meses por más de 8 horas diarias. Como criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron participantes que no presentaran deterioro funcional o mental y que pertenecían a comunas 13 y 14 de la ciudad de Cali. La información se recolectó en visitas cortas al hogar de la abuela mediante observación participativa, entrevista semiestructurada y el diario de campo. El proceso de recolección de datos tomó 9 meses. El análisis del dominio basado en el método de Spradley 1980, fue intensivo y paralelo a la recolección, gracias a los subprocesos: análisis semántico, taxonómico, componencial y de temas. Se hallaron cuatro temas culturales: "Abuela cuya historia repercute en "sentirse arrimada" y en la intensidad del cuidado a los nietos(as) en la actualidad", "El trabajo doméstico no remunerado y el cuidado de los nietos(as) una forma de hacerse visible frente a su familia", "Contexto crítico y/o vulnerable que se refleja al interior del hogar de la abuela que asume el cuidado de nietos(as)" y "La intensidad del trabajo doméstico, el cuidado de los nietos, el entorno familiar agresivo y la escasez de recursos afectan la salud de la abuela" Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que la historia de carencias socioeconómicas determina socialmente la inequidad en materia de salud que vive la abuela. Dicha inequidad se evidencia en la falta de vivienda, de trabajo, ausencia de ingresos propios, ser desplazada y otros aspectos que la llevan a que constantemente asuma el cuidado de nietos y el trabajo doméstico como una forma de obtener posición en una familia en cuyo interior se reflejan las condiciones críticas y/o vulnerables del sector donde viven. (AU)

The study addresses the grandmother as a social and cultural phenomenon that falls within the nursing discipline, describing how the care of the grandchildren in critical and / or vulnerable contexts (communes 13 and 14 of the city of Cali) are involved in her health. The methodology was Qualitative descriptive, focused ethnography type, with 11 grandmothers 37 to 67 years old who do not present functional or mental disorders, belonging to communes 13 and 14 of the city of Cali, who take care of grandchildren from 0 to 6 years old, minimum 3 months over 8 hours a day. The information was collected in short visits to the grandmothers' homes for 9 months through participatory observation, a semi-structured interview, and a field diary. The domain analysis is based on the method of Spradley 1980, it was intensive and parallel to the data collection, thanks to the sub-processes: semantic, taxonomic, component, and subject analysis. The result was four cultural themes: " The Grandmother whose story has an impact on" feeling herself as a charge "and on the intensity of caring for her grandchildren today", "Unpaid domestic work and caring for grandchildren as a form of making themselves visible in their family", "Critical and / or vulnerable context that is reflected inside the home of the grandmother who takes care of grandchildren "and" the intensity of domestic work, the aggressive family environment and the scarcity of resources that affect the health of the grandmother " The study finded that the history of socioeconomic deficiencies, socially determines the inequity in health experienced by the grandmother; consisting of homelessness, lack of work, lack of income, being displaced; which lead her to constantly take care of grandchildren and to housework, as a way to obtain a position in the family in whose interior the critical and / or vulnerable conditions of the sector where they live are reflected. (AU)

Más allá de los síntomas: vivir con VIH es motor de cambio / Beyond symptoms: living with HIV is a life changing motor

Resumen Objetivo: describir en profundidad la experiencia de personas con VIH durante el proceso de tratamiento y atención en instituciones de salud. Materiales y métodos: diseño de teoría fundamentada en entrevistas en profundidad a once personas con VIH que asistían a programas de atención ambulatoria en Cali, Colombia. Resultados: categoría central denominada: vivir con VIH es motor para el cambio de vida y seis categorías: experimentando los síntomas; sospechando el diagnóstico; recordando información sobre ser portador del VIH; experimentando crisis existencial: el poder de las emociones; reconociendo la bondad de los medicamentos y obteniendo apoyo social: considerado aspecto fundamental. Conclusión: los participantes al recibir el diagnóstico experimentaron crisis existencial y emocional que con la ayuda de familiares, personal de salud, la pareja y los pares, les facilitó tomar conciencia de su estado actual y aceptar su situación; sus hábitos se tornaron saludables y la creencia en un ser superior se reafirmó.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever em profundidade a experiência de pessoas com HIV durante o processo de tratamento e atenção em instituições de saúde. Materiais e métodos: desenho de teoria fundamentada em entrevistas em profundidade a onze pessoas com HIV que frequentavam programas de atenção ambulatória em Cali, Colômbia. Resultados: categoria central denominada: viver com HIV é motor para a mudança de vida e seis categorias: experimentando os sintomas; suspeitando do diagnóstico; recebendo informação sobre ser portador do uiv; experimentando crise existencial; o poder das emoções; reconhecendo a bondade dos medicamentos e obtendo apoio social: considerado aspecto fundamental. Conclusión: os participantes ao receber o diagnóstico experimentaram crise existencial e emocional que com a ajuda de familiares, pessoal de saúde, o(a) companheiro(a)/esposo(a) e os pais, que facilitou tomar consciência de seu estado atual e aceitar sua situação; seus hábitos se tornaram saudáveis e a crença em um ser superior se reafirmou.

Abstract Objective: to describe in depth the experience of people with HIV during the process of treatment and care in health institutions. Materials and methods: grounded theory design with in-depth interviews to 11 people with HIV who attended ambulatory care programs in Cali, Colombia. Results: central category: living with HIV as a life changing motor and 6 categories: experiencing the symptoms; suspecting the diagnosis; getting information about being a carrier of HIV; experiencing existential crisis; the power of the emotions; recognizing the goodness of the medicines and getting social support: considered a fundamental aspect. Conclusion: the participants, upon receiving the diagnosis, experienced existential and emotional crisis that with help from family members, health personnel, couples and peers, made it easier to become aware of their current status and accept their situation; theirs habits became healthy and the belief in a superior being was reaffirmed.