Turkish validity and reliability of the Premenstrual Change Coping Inventory.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Premenstrual Change Coping Inventory (PMS-Cope). METHODS: A total of 170 women who met the inclusion criteria were included in the methodological study. Data were collected between the dates of November 5, 2018 and May 5, 2019 with personal information form, PMS-Cope Turkish version, and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: The PMS-Cope was obtained through the translation-back translation method and the content validity was obtained according to expert opinions. After the factor analysis, the Turkish version of the PMS-Cope consisted of three sub-dimensions as in the original scale. The factor loadings of the three-dimensional scale ranged from 0.46 to 0.84, and the explained variance (60.329%) was at the desired level. As a result of structural equation modeling; ×2/SD values of the scale were found to be 4.19, GFI 0.93, AGFI 0.91, CFI 0.95, RMSEA 0.079, and SRMR 0.082, and this scale was acceptable. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the PMS-Cope was 0.86. It was determined that item-total score correlations were higher than 0.30 in all items of PMS-Cope and there was no need to remove items from the scale. When the mean scores of the lower 27% and upper 27% of the scale were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p < 0.05). The PMS-Cope score was 41.04 ± 8.99. CONCLUSION: It was determined that the Turkish version of the PMS-Cope was a valid and reliable measurement tool.

The Turkish Version of the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool: A Validity and Reliability Study.

Background and Purpose: The Compassionate Care Assessment Tool was designed to evaluate the compassionate care characteristics of nurses. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version. Methods: This study was a methodological type of study. Data were collected from 300 patients hospitalized in different services. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and LISREL 8.7. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: The content validity index of the scale was 0.94. Confirmatory factor analysis conducted on the Turkish form showed that all items fell within the subscales of the original scale. and that their factor loads were between 0.37 and 0.78. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale was 0.897. Conclusions: The tool is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating compassionate care given by nurses.

Relationship between maternal antenatal attachment and traumatic childbirth perception among pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the perception of traumatic birth and maternal attachment in pregnant women. METHODS: This descriptive and correlational study recruited 370 pregnant women who applied for an antenatal visit to outpatient clinics of a state hospital. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form, Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS), and Traumatic Birth Perception Scale (TBPS). Data were collected using the face-to-face method. The study was reported according to the STROBE. RESULTS: The mean total score of MAAS was 75.71 ± 7.72 and the mean TBPS score was 73.21 ± 28.34. Normal birth pain was perceived as "severe" by 38.3% of pregnant women and as "very severe" by 46.1%. It was determined that 29.2% of pregnant women had a "high" level of traumatic birth perception and 14.5% had a "very high" level. A negative correlation was found between the mean scores of MAAS and TBPS of pregnant women. The trimester of pregnancy, listening to the birth story, planned pregnancy, and traumatic birth perception, was a significant predictor of maternal antenatal attachment. CONCLUSION: As the maternal antenatal attachment levels of pregnant women increased, their perceptions of traumatic birth decreased.

Investigation of coping behaviors and premenstrual syndrome among university students.

This study aims to examine premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in university students and their coping behaviors. 452 female students were included in this descriptive and correlational study. The data were collected using a descriptive information form, the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and the Premenstrual Change Coping Inventory (PMS-Cope). PMS symptoms were found in 80.5% of students. Seeking positive affect-inducing activities to cope with PMS was found to be a significant predictor of reducing the severity of PMS (ß =-0.265, p < .001). In coping with PMS, it is necessary to consider the perceptions of taking medication, seeking social support, or seeking positive affect-inducing activities as a coping method to determine the social and cultural beliefs of university students and control PMS. PMS is a significant health problem and raising awareness of the issue alone may not be enough. It should also be noted that the severity of PMS can vary markedly between ethnic groups, and women's strategies for coping with symptoms and their effectiveness may differ between cultures. It is pivotal to develop strategies for university students to cope with PMS and provide personalized care.

The effect of menopausal symptoms on women's daily life activities.

Introduction: With the increase in expected life duration, the life expectancy increases, and so one-third or more of a woman's life will be after the menopause. As a result, menopause, aging physiology and process management carry great importance for women's health. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of menopausal symptoms on women's daily life activities. Material and methods: The sample of the descriptive and relationship-seeking study consisted of 381 women aged 40-64 years who agreed to participate in the study. The data of the study were collected by Personal Information Form, Menopause Symptoms Rating Scale, and Daily Living Activities Schedule. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. Differences in independent groups were evaluated with Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. The relationship between continuous variables was evaluated with the Pearson correlation analysis test. Results: Of women participating in the research, 67.5% had not had a period for more than one year, and 95.5% entered the menopause through natural routes. The daily life activities most affected by the menopausal symptoms experienced by women were sleep, concentration, physical and mental fatigue, mental state, general quality of life, and enjoyment of life. The least affected daily living activities were sexuality and interpersonal communication. Advanced level significant positive correlations were found between the menopause rating scale and its sub-dimension scores and daily living activities scores of women (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that menopausal symptoms in the menopausal period negatively affected the daily activities of women.

Relationship between professional attitude and compassion among nurses.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between professional attitude and compassion among nurses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample of the crossectional study recruited 202 nurses who accepted participation and working in a state hospital. Data were collected between 20 June 2019 and 2 August 2019 with a questionnaire form, Inventory of Professional Attitude at Occupation (IPA) and Compassion Scale. Data were collected via face-to-face method. Form and scales were completed by the participants. The study was reported according to the STROBE. RESULTS: The mean IPA was 134.57 ± 15.43. The mean score of the Compassion Scale was 73.89 ± 11.54. The mean scores of the Compassion Scale's sub-dimensions were 16.17 ± 3.22 for kindness, 8.62 ± 3.44 for indifference, 15.45 ± 3.17 for common humanity, 9.02 ± 3.46 for separation, 15.95 ± 3.00 for mindfulness, 8.67 ± 3.44 for disengagement. There were positive correlations between kindness (r = .356), common humanity (r = .214), mindfulness (r = .297) subscales and there were negative correlations between indifference (r = -.441), separation (r = -.411) and disengagement (r = -.415) subscales and the Inventory of IPA. There was a negative correlation between IPA and total Compassion Scale scores (r = -.140). IPA scores were significantly different according to sex, age, working duration, weekly working time, satisfied with colleague relationships. Compassion scores were significantly different for weekly working time, satisfaction with colleague relationships, suitability of the nursing profession and working in emergency and outpatient clinics (p < .05). CONCLUSION: As nurses' professional attitude scores increased, kindness, common humanity and mindfulness subscales scores increased, while indifference, separation and disengagement subscales scores of the compassion scale decreased. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Increasing the awareness about professional attitude and compassion in nursing should start with undergraduate education of nurses, and it is recommended to organise in-service training to develop professional attitudes and compassion in occupational life and to research patient perspectives about compassion.

Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among reproductive age women living in Turkey with a systematic review and meta-analysis study. In this study were scanned keywords ['premenstrual syndrome' and prevalence and Turkish] in the databases including Turkish Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ISI Web of Knowledge. This study included full-text research articles from conducted in Turkey, published in Turkish or English between 2014 and 2018 and indicating prevalence. This study included a total of 18 studies conducted in Turkey reporting the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome. A total of 6890 women participated in these studies. The overall premenstrual syndrome prevalence in the studies examined in this systematic review was 52.2%. Subgroup prevalence was found to be 59% in high school students, 50.3% in university students and 66% of women in general population. In the meta-regression analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the mean age of the participants with the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome. The results of the study showed that premenstrual syndrome was prevalent among Turkish reproductive age women. Health professionals should organize training for women to gain the ability to manage PMS symptoms. Further interventional studies are needed to cope with PMS.

The Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on Fear of Childbirth Among Pregnant Women.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of intimate partner violence on childbirth fear of pregnant women. This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 335 pregnant women who applied to pregnant outpatient clinics. The data of the study were collected with Questionnaire Form and Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale A Version (W-DEQ-A). Descriptive statistical methods, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used in the analysis of the data. W-DEQ-A scale score of pregnant women was found to be 69.34 ± 29.37. It was found that 15.2% of pregnant women experienced "mild level" childbirth fear, 28.4% had "moderate level" childbirth fear, 26.6% had "severe level" childbirth fear, and 29.9% had "clinical level" childbirth fear. It was determined that 49.3% of pregnant women were exposed to any type of violence by their partners. It was found that pregnant women were exposed to 46% verbal violence, 23.9% emotional violence, 13.7% economic violence, 8.7% physical violence, and 2.1% sexual violence. When pregnant women experiencing any type of violence (p = .000), verbal violence (p = .000), emotional violence (p = .000), and economic violence (p = .000) were compared with pregnant women who did not experience violence, W-DEQ-A scores were higher and differences were statistically significant. It was determined to be statistically significant differences of W-DEQ-A scores according to the age of the pregnant women (p = .044), family type (p = .004), place of residence (p = .026), and psychological problems before pregnancy (p = .026). As a result, the rate of violence exerted by their intimate partners against pregnant women was high. In addition, intimate partner violence during pregnancy had negative effects on the fear of childbirth of pregnant women.

Turkish validity and reliability of the postpartum stressors scale.

This study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Postpartum Stressor Scale (PPSS) in Turkish.177 women were included in the methodological study. The data were collected between 24 September 2018 and 24 January 2019. The validity and validity of PPSS according to the language validity and expert opinions was provided by the translation-back translation method. It was determined that the Turkish form of the PPSS did not occur in three sub-dimensions such as the original structure. Therefore, the factor loadings of the PPSS one-dimensional scale ranged from 0.481 to 0.678, and the explained variance (35.3%) was sufficient. According to the results of CFA, factor loadings of the model ranged from 0.40 to 0.64, and t values of all substances were above 1.96. As a result of structural equation modeling. The obtained fit index values of the scale were found to be x2/SD 1.88, GFI 0.93, AGFI 0.88, CFI 0.95, RMSEA 0.071 and SRMR 0.065, and the model was acceptable. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of PPSS was 0.76. In all items of PPSS, item total score correlations were found to be over 0.30 and there was no need to exclude item from the scale. PPSS was determined as a reliable and valid tool for Turkish society. There was a positive significant correlation between PPSS and PSS (p = 0.000). When the mean scores of lower 27% and upper 27% were compared, statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p = 0.000). The mean score of PPSS was 16.67 ± 5.74. As a result of the study, it was determined that the Turkish version of PPSS was a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. DESIGN AND METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was completed with 313 students attending the nursing department and medical faculty. Data were collected using the premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). FINDINGS: The PSQI was positively correlated with PMSS and its subscales scores. Sleep changes were the strongest predictor, followed by depressive thoughts (p < .01), depressive mood, bloating and total PMSS (p < .05) for sleep quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Training should be organized about PMS for university students to provide information and skills about managing symptoms, and to increase the awareness about this syndrome. Interventional studies should be planned to increase sleep quality in PMS.

Breast cancer risk assessment using the Gail model: a Turkish study.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine risk of developing of breast cancer among Turkish women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a descriptive and cross-sectional approach, data were collected from 231 women. Breast cancer risk was calculated using the National Cancer Institute's on-line verson of called as the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool or the Gail Risk Assesment Tool. RESULTS: The average age of women was 45.0±8.06 years. It was revealed that 6.1% of participants reported having first degree relatives who had had breast cancer, with only four women having more than one first-degree relative affected (1.7%). The mean five-year breast cancer risk for all women was 0.88±0.91%, and 7.4% of women had a five-year breast cancer risk >1.66% in this study. Mean lifetime breast cancer risk up to age 90 years was 9.3±5.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The breast cancer risk assessment tool can help in the clinical management of patient seeking advice concerning screening and prevention. Healthcare providers in Turkey can use this approach to estimate an individual's probability of developing breast cancer.

Health beliefs and breast self-examination among female university nursing students in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the health beliefs and knowledge about breast self examination (BSE) and the actual BSE habits of female university nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample recruited 189 nursing students who agreed to participate in the study. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, one way ANOVA test, t test and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: 83.1% of nursing students had knowledge about breast cancer (BC) and BSE in the study. BSE was practiced by 70.4% of nursing students; 21.8% of them performed BSE regularly. A fear of developing BC was an incentive for 85% of nursing students to practice BSE. The confidence subscale scores in the third and fourth years of students' university education were higher, and the barrier subscale score in these same years was lower than their first years of study. Perception of benefit of nursing students experiencing breast-related discomfort exerted a positive effect. Nursing students with lower perception of barriesr performed BSE regularly. In conclusion, nursing students' years of university study, breast cancer knowledge, history of breast cancer in family, and BSE practice status were factors affecting their health beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: These study results indicate the importance of developing education and training programs which educate not only nursing students but all women about breast cancer, its symptoms, the importance of early diagnosis and of regular BSE.

A Turkish study on menarche and menstrual experiences and their effects on attitudes towards menopause.

The purpose of this study was to investigate women's menarche and menstrual experiences and their effects on attitudes towards menopause. This research was planned as cross-sectional. A total of 300 women who had applied for a physical examination at the Maternity and Gynecology and Children's Hospital of Ordu province of Turkey were recruited for the study using the convenience sampling method. The study was conducted between 16 April and 28 May 2008. The research data were gathered using the Menopause Attitude Scale and a questionnaire. The average score for women on the Menopause Attitude Scale was 37.85 ± 10.34. Significant differences were found between attitudes of women towards menopause and the information they had received before menarche about menstruation (P = 0.024), the meaning of menstruation (P = 0.014), the interval time between menstrual periods (P = 0.017), problems experienced before menstruation (P = 0.035) and the desire of some women to continue menstruating and delay menopause (P = 0.005). Results of this study showed that more than half of the women had negative attitudes towards menopause. In order to help girls and women develop positive attitudes about menarche, menstruation and menopause, they need to have access to information during all phases of these important physical changes.

Body image among Turkish women during the first year postpartum.

In this study, we investigated the body image of Turkish women in their first year postpartum. We recruited 440 postpartum women who had applied to the outpatient clinics of the Maternity and Children's Hospital in the city of Ordu, Turkey. The mean of the women's body image scores was over the "middle level." The women's body image scale (BIS) score showed a significant negative relation with age, number of births, weight before pregnancy, weight gain, during pregnancy, weight soon after childbirth, present weight, postpartum weight gain, and postpartum body mass index (BMI).

Vaginal douching practices among Turkish married women.

AIM: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of the practice of vaginal douching among Turkish married women and associations between their douching status, predisposing factors, and effects on their health. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey of women between 17 and 61 years of age was conducted between February 1, 2007, and May 18, 2007, in the Maternity-Gynecology and Children's Hospital in Ordu, Turkey. The sample of this study included 427 women. A confidential and anonymous self-reported questionnaire was collected in a convenient sample of the women. RESULTS: Of the 427 women in the study, 165 women (38.6%) had douched at some time. Housewives [odds ratio (OR) 2.660, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.162-6.090], women who had experienced a spontaneous abortion (OR 4.676, 95% CI 1.606-13.618), or had beliefs about positive health effects of vaginal douching (OR 29.603, 95% CI 14.090-62.192) also had risk factors associated with vaginal douching practices. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study found that vaginal douching is a common practice among women. Many of the women who practiced vaginal douching believed in its health benefits. The results may enhance healthcare practitioners' knowledge and efforts to educate their patients.

Beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of Turkish women about breast cancer and breast self-examination according to a Turkish version of the Champion Health Belief Model Scale.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Although a great deal of progress has been made in the health sciences, early diagnosis, and increasing community awareness, breast cancer remains a life-threatening illness. In order to reduce this threat, breast cancer screening needs to be implemented in all communities where possible. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine health beliefs, attitudes and behaviors about breast cancer and breast self-examination of Turkish women. METHODS: Data were collected from a sample of 656 women, using an adapted Turkish version of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS), between January and May 2011, in Ordu province of Turkey. RESULTS: The results showed that 67.7% of women had knowledge about and 55.8% performed BSE, however 60.6% of those who indicated they practiced BSE reported they did so at irregular intervals. CHBMS subscales scores of women according to women's age, education level, occupation, family income and education level of the women's mothers, family history of breast cancer, friend and an acquaintance with breast cancer, knowledge about breast cancer, BSE and mammography were significantly different. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of women about the risks and benefits of early detection of breast cancer positively affect their health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Health care professionals can develop effective breast health programs and can help women to gain good health behavior and to maintain health.

Determination of the anxiety level of women who present for mammography.

OBJECTIVE: This paper was to examine the role of anxiety in mammography screening. Breast cancer screening with mammography has been shown to be effective for preventing breast cancer death. However mammography screening can be harmful to women. One of the major problems is anxiety or lack of peace of mind in mammography screening. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted between November 3, 2007, and December 30, 2007, in Ordu Maternity and Childbirth Hospital. 93 women participated in the study. A 23-item questionnaire and the 20-item State Anxiety Inventory, developed by Spielberger et al. were completed by the participants. All numerical values were given as average ± standard deviation; p<0.05 was accepted for level of significance. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 47.83 ± 7.50, the average age at marriage was 20.03 ± 4.18, the average birth number 2.91 ± 1.21, and the average age at menopause was 46.10 ± 4.70. The average anxiety level was found to be 46.20 ± 4.9. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between education level, age at marriage, status of doing breast self examination, status of having a mammography for a breast-related complaint, and the number of mammograms done. CONCLUSION: It was determined that women who had mammography had a moderate level of anxiety.

Factors affecting cervical screening among Turkish women.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is second most common cancer among women worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determinate pap smear test rates and affecting factors among Turkish women. METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional questionnaire study covered 397 women consulting at Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of Birth and Children's Hospital in Ordu province, enrolled non-consecutively as volunteers after providing informed consent. Data for women who had a history of at least one pap smear in her history were compared with those having none. RESULTS: 24.7% of women had knowledge about the pap smear test and 11.8% of them had undergone at least one pap smear test. Higher mean age (p=0.000), high education level (p=0.013), duration of marriage (p=0.001), working outside home (p=0.000), use of contraceptive method (p=0.000), history of cancer in women's family or relatives (p=0.021), having a sexually transmitted disease history (p=0.042), positive attitude towards gynecologic examination of women (p=0.000) and considering oneself in a cervical cancer risk group (p=0.004) were positively associated with a pap smear test history. CONCLUSION: Since the rate of pap smear testing was very low, education of women about screening and protection against cervical cancer appears a high priority.