[The interactions along the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep mechanisms and disorders]. / Rol' vzaimosvyazei po osi mozg­kishechnik­mikrobiom v regulyatsii tsirkadiannykh ritmov, mekhanizmakh sna i ikh narushenii.

The bidirectional relationship between cerebral structures and the gastrointestinal tract involving the microbiota embraces the scientific concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome plays an important role in many physiological and biochemical processes of the human body, in the immune response and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of circadian rhythms. There is a relationship between the higher prevalence of a number of neurological disorders, sleep disorders and changes in the intestinal microbiota, which actualizes the study of the complex mechanisms of such correlation for the development of new treatment and prevention strategies. Environmental factors associated with excessive light exposure can aggravate the gut dysbiosis of intestinal microflora, and as a result, lead to sleep disturbances. This review examines the integrative mechanisms of sleep regulation associated with the gut microbiota (the role of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, unconjugated bile acids, bacterial cell wall components, cytokines). Taking into account the influence of gut dysbiosis as a risk factor in the development of various diseases, the authors systematize key aspects and modern scientific data on the importance of microflora balance to ensure optimal interaction along the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the context of the regulatory role of the sleep-wake cycle and its disorders.

[Сlinicmolecular indicators of inflammatory destructive damage of the oral cavity in periodontitis in persons with various group accessories of blood.]

In order to find a connection between the alteration of oral tissues and genetic predisposition to inflammatory and destructive processes in oral media, the cytokine profile of the oral fluid of clinically healthy individuals was determined for various blood group affiliations according to the AB0 system. The group-specific features of individuals with B(III) blood group were revealed: an increase of 32,5% in the content of interleukin-6 and 63,1% in the content of interleukin-8 compared with similar data for people with 0(I), A(II), AB(IV) blood groups, which can predispose to the greatest activity of the inflammatory process in the oral cavity in individuals with antigen B. Confirmation of this fact is an increase of IgA antibodies to gliadin in the blood among patients with chronic generalized periodontitis with B(III) blood group, up to 5,00 U/ml (p<0,01), which indicates the processes of acute inflammation, and along with an increase in blood IgG antibodies to transglutaminase in comparison with a group of clinically healthy individuals, it serves as an indicator of damage to the body's connective tissue at the molecular level. When examining the dental status, pronounced clinical manifestations of chronic generalized periodontitis were found in patients with A(II) blood group, the molecular foundation of which is the highest content of IgA and IgG antibodies to transglutaminase in the oral fluid (0,35 U/ml and 0,45 U/ml), which contributes to the activation of periodontal-destroying inflammatory and inflammatory processes, obviously, with a tendency to the chronic course of the disease. The studies performed allowed us to analyze in clinically healthy individuals a predisposition to alternative processes in oral environments, using gradation by group blood affiliation.

[Coagulation test features depending on the AB0-blood groups system antigenic composition.]

The maintenance of normal blood flow through the vessels is the result of the coordinated work of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of our body. The balance of this system depends on many factors, including endothelial, humoral, platelet ones, however, we still lack knowledge about the effect of antigenic determinants on the state of the hemostatic system. This study is devoted to assessing the effect of the presence and absence of antigens on the AB0 system, presented on erythrocyte and platelet membranes, on hemostatic parameters. The study was conducted in the Clinics of Samara State Medical University and consisted of127 clinically healthy individuals who underwent a general analysis and biochemical blood analysis, 52 people with the most stable indicators of cell composition and metabolic profile were selected for a coagulation test, including determination of the activity of coagulation factors and routine tests. A significant decrease in the activity of the VIII and VII coagulation factors was revealed, as well as an increase in the prothrombin time in patients with 0 (I) blood group compared to the "antigenic" blood groups. The presence of biological variation for indicators of external and internal coagulation paths was noted, depending on the group of blood belonging to the AB0 system. The findings suggest that there is an increased susceptibility to bleeding in patients with 0 (I) blood groups due to the absence of antigenic determinants on the cell membrane, while for "antigenic" blood groups, on the contrary, there is a susceptibility to thrombosis due to increased activity of the components of the coagulation system.

[Diagnostic possibilities of modern biochemical study of sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis (literature review).]

The review presents the pathobiochemical and molecular mechanisms of sputum formation in patients with cystic fibrosis associated with the pathophysiological features of the disease. Statistical data on the prevalence of this pathology in the world and in the Russian Federation are presented. The mechanisms of sputum formation and disorders of the mucociliary apparatus, leading to the accumulation of viscous bronchopulmonary secret in cystic fibrosis, are considered. The principles of the relationship between the rheological properties of sputum and the formation of inflammation in the lungs with the addition of a concomitant specific microflora in the bronchopulmonary system in patients with cystic fibrosis are presented. Describes the opportunities for biochemical studies of sputum of patients with this pathology: determining the activity of enzymes (myeloperoxidase), the content of proteinase inhibitors (α2-macroglobulin and α1-antitrypsin) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNFa), concentrations of iron and ferriferous proteins (lactoferrin and ferritin), which makes biochemical studies of sputum available, non-invasive, quick and cost-effective method of diagnosis, which can be widely used as an auxiliary laboratory method and makes it possible to use these metabolites as diagnostic markers to assess the severity of inflammation and infection of the lower respiratory tract and predict the development of respiratory complications in patients with cystic fibrosis.

[Polyresistent microflora in the structure of microorganisms divided from blood of patients of the general hospital.]

The aim of our research was to evaluate the structure and the determination of the phenotypes of antibiotic resistance of microflora isolated from patients' blood in a multidisciplinary hospital during the period from 2013 to 2017. The material was taken into BacT / ALERT bottles containing nutrient media, followed by incubation of blood. In case of a positive result, the material from the vials was dispersed into dense nutrient media. Species identification was carried out using commercial biochemical API test systems and MALDITOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic resistance of the isolated microorganisms was evaluated by a classical disc-diffusion method. From 2013 to 2017, 3504 blood tests were performed, of which 16.8% were positive. Of the isolated strains, 69.6% were Gram-positive, 27% were Gram-negative, and 3.4% were fungi. The structure of Gram-positive bacteria included Staphylococcus spp - 71.46%, Enterococcus spp. - 21.22% and Streptococcus spp - 7.32%. Staphylococcus aureus (47,8%) prevailed among staphylococci (in 62.14% were methicillin-resistant) and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Among the genus Enterococcus spp, Enterococcus faecalis prevailed (27% resistant to macrolides, 14% to fluoroquinolones) and Enterococcus faecium (69% resistant to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and streptococci from the group of alpha-greening were isolated from streptococci. Clinically significant types of streptococci in 33.3% were resistant to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. In the structure of gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae prevailed - 71.07% (Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli); the proportion of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGOB) was 28.93%. Most Gram-negative bacteria were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (BLBRs). In NFGOB structure allocated Acinetobacter baumanii - 56,5% (81% polyresistant), Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 30,4% (50% - Carbapenemase Producing Organisms), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - 10,9%. Thus, microbiological research in septic blood conditions is an integral part of the diagnostic search, selection of etiotropic therapy and monitoring of its effectiveness.