Breakdown of the internet under intentional attack.

We study the tolerance of random networks to intentional attack, whereby a fraction p of the most connected sites is removed. We focus on scale-free networks, having connectivity distribution P(k) approximately k(-alpha), and use percolation theory to study analytically and numerically the critical fraction p(c) needed for the disintegration of the network, as well as the size of the largest connected cluster. We find that even networks with alpha < or = 3, known to be resilient to random removal of sites, are sensitive to intentional attack. We also argue that, near criticality, the average distance between sites in the spanning (largest) cluster scales with its mass, M, as square root of [M], rather than as log (k)M, as expected for random networks away from criticality.

Resilience of the internet to random breakdowns

A common property of many large networks, including the Internet, is that the connectivity of the various nodes follows a scale-free power-law distribution, P(k) = ck(-alpha). We study the stability of such networks with respect to crashes, such as random removal of sites. Our approach, based on percolation theory, leads to a general condition for the critical fraction of nodes, p(c), that needs to be removed before the network disintegrates. We show analytically and numerically that for alpha0.99.