Avaliação dos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna de ratos Wistar em modelo experimental da terapia Suit / Evaluación de los ligamentos longitudinales de la columna vertebral de ratas Wistar desde el modelo experimental de la terapia Suit / Evaluation of longitudinal ligament of the spine of Wistar rats in an experimental model of Suit therapy

RESUMO Ligamentos adaptam-se de acordo com a intensidade da atividade física e carga mecânica a que são submetidos. Na última década, na área da fisioterapia neurofuncional infantil, têm surgido métodos e protocolos que possuem em comum o termo suit para caracterizar a existência de vestimentas com bandas elásticas ajustáveis e a possibilidade da aplicação de carga sobre o esqueleto humano. Visto que a carga mecânica pode produzir alterações fibrocartilaginosas sobre os ligamentos e que não foram encontrados estudos avaliando o efeito da terapia suit sobre os ligamentos da coluna, justificam-se pesquisas com métodos experimentais de carga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as espessuras e morfologia dos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna de ratos Wistar quando submetidos à carga mecânica por compressão vertebral. Trinta animais foram separados em cinco grupos (G1 - controle; G2 - simulação do uso de suit; G3, G4 e G5 - manutenção da vestimenta). Ao modelo experimental do suit, em G4 e G5, foram adaptados pesos ou elásticos dispostos em "X" para sobrecarga vertebral de 50% do peso do animal, que permaneceram com a vestimenta por 40 horas ao longo de 4 semanas de experimento, 5 dias por semana. Não houve diferenças significativas para a espessura, assim como não foram observadas mudanças morfológicas nos ligamentos longitudinais. Conclui-se que não houve alterações nos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna em animais submetidos ao modelo experimental de suit terapia.

RESUMEN Pueden adaptarse los ligamentos a la intensidad de la actividad física y a la carga mecánica sometida a ellos. En la última década, han surgido métodos y protocolos en el área de fisioterapia neurofuncional infantil que tienen en común el término "suit" para caracterizar la existencia de ropas con bandas elásticas ajustables y la posibilidad de aplicación de cargas en el esqueleto humano. Debido a que la carga mecánica puede producir alteraciones fibrocartilaginosas en los ligamentos y que no han sido encontrados estudios que evaluaron el efecto de la terapia suit en los ligamentos de la columna vertebral, las investigaciones con métodos experimentales de carga son necesarias. Este estudio tiene el propósito de evaluar las espesuras y la morfología de los ligamentos longitudinales de la columna vertebral de ratas Wistar cuando sometida a carga mecánica por compresión vertebral. Se dividieron treinta ratas en cinco grupos (G1 -grupo control; G2 -simulación de la utilización del suit; G3, G4, G5 -mantenimiento de la ropa). Desde el modelo experimental del suit, en el G4 y G5 se adaptaron pesos o elásticos puestos en "X" para la sobrecarga vertebral de 50% del peso de los animales, los cuales permanecieron con la ropa durante cuarenta horas, al largo de cuatro semanas de experimento, en cinco días semanales. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas para la espesura, tampoco cambios morfológicos en los ligamentos longitudinales. Se concluye que no se observaron alteraciones en los ligamentos longitudinales de la columna vertebral de los animales sometidos al modelo experimental de la terapia suit.

ABSTRACT Ligaments adapt according to the intensity of physical activity and mechanical load to which they are subjected. In the last decade there have been methods and protocols in the field of infant neurofunctional physiotherapy, which have the term "suit" in common, to characterize the existence of suits with adjustable elastic bands and the possibility of applying load on the human skeleton. Since the mechanical load can produce fibrocartilaginous changes on the ligaments and also that no studies evaluating the effect of suit therapy on ligaments of the spine were found, research with experimental methods of load are justified. The aim of this study was to analyze thickness and morphology of longitudinal ligaments of the spine of Wistar rats when subjected to mechanical load by vertebral compression. Thirty animals were separated into five groups (G1 - control; G2 - simulation of the use of suit; G3, G4, and G5 - maintenance of the suit). The suit experimental model, in G4 and G5, were adapted weights or elastic bands arranged in "X" for 50% of spinal overload of the weight of the animal, who remained with the suit for 40 hours over four weeks of experiment, five days a week. There were no significant differences for thickness, and morphological changes of longitudinal ligaments were also not observed. We concluded that there were no changes in longitudinal ligaments of the spine in animals subjected to the experimental model of suit therapy.

Interaction between low level laser therapy and anesthesia in wistar rats / Interações entre laser de baixa potência e anestesia em ratos wistar

The aim was to assess whether the low level laser therapy (LLLT), 660 nm, can lower the effect of injectable anesthetics in rats. Wistar rats (n = 20) were used in two steps: 1) grip strength test and measuring the anesthesia time for control (G1A) and irradiated (G1AL) groups; 2) after 15 days, rats received new anesthesia injection and were evaluated for nociception (G2A - control; G2AL - laser). Anesthesia was induced by ketamine hydrochloride (75 mg kg-1) and xylazine (10 mg kg-1), by intraperitoneal injection, according to the body weight. LLLT used was 660 nm at four sites along the right hind limb. Anesthesia time was shorter for the G1AL (p = 0.0031). There were significant differences between pre- and post-intervention in the grip strength test (p < 0.001), but no differences were detected between groups (p = 0.459). For nociception, G2AL achieved higher values than G2A (p = 0.019 and p = 0.032), and also for the comparison between pre-injury values with the following values (p < 0.001) although no significant difference was found between 10 and 60 minutes (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the LLLT caused no significant reduction on the effect of anesthesia.

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se o laser de baixa potência (LBP) pode desempenhar algum efeito na diminuição da ação de anestésicos injetáveis. Foram utilizados 20 ratos Wistar, em duas etapas: 1) realizado teste de força de preensão e contagem de tempo de anestesia para animais controle (G1A) e irradiados (G1AL); 2) após 15 dias, novo procedimento anestésico e avaliada a nocicepção (G2A ­ controle; G2AL ­ laser). Foram utilizados os anestésicos Quetamina (75 mg kg-1) e Xilazina (10 mg kg- 1), de acordo com o peso corporal, com injeção intraperitoneal. O laser utilizado foi 660 nm, em 4 locais, ao longo do membro pélvico direito. O tempo cronometrado de anestesia foi menor para G1AL (p = 0,0031). Na avaliação da força de preensão, houve diferenças significativas (p < 0,001) entre o momento pré x pós, mas não entre os grupos (p = 0,459). Para a nocicepção, G2AL obteve valores maiores do que G2A (p = 0,019 e p = 0,032), bem como ao comparar os valores pré-lesão com os seguintes (p < 0,001), mas sem diferenças entre 10 e 60 minutos (p > 0,05). Conclui-se que o LBP não apresentou grandes interações com relação à diminuição do efeito da anestesia.

Influence of low-level laser therapy on vertical jump in sedentary individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low intensity laser (660nm), on the surae triceps muscle fatigue and power, during vertical jump in sedentary individuals, in addition to delayed onset muscle soreness. METHODS: We included 22 sedentary volunteers in the study, who were divided into three groups: G1 (n=8) without performing low intensity laser (control); G2 (n=7) subjected to 6 days of low intensity laser applications; and G3 (n=7) subjected to 10 days of low intensity laser applications. All subjects were evaluated by means of six evaluations of vertical jumps lasting 60 seconds each. In G2 and G3, laser applications in eight points, uniformly distributed directly to the skin in the region of the triceps surae were performed. Another variable analyzed was the delayed onset muscle soreness using the Visual Analog Scale of Pain. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in fatigue and mechanical power. In the evaluation of delayed onset muscle soreness, there was significant difference, being the first evaluation higher than the others. CONCLUSION: The low intensity laser on the triceps surae, in sedentary individuals, had no significant effects on the variables evaluated.

Influence of low-level laser therapy on vertical jump in sedentary individuals / Influência do laser de baixa potência no salto vertical em indivíduos sedentários / Influência do laser de baixa potência no salto vertical em indivíduos sedentários

Objective To investigate the effects of low intensity laser (660nm), on the surae triceps muscle fatigue and power, during vertical jump in sedentary individuals, in addition to delayed onset muscle soreness. Methods We included 22 sedentary volunteers in the study, who were divided into three groups: G1 (n=8) without performing low intensity laser (control); G2 (n=7) subjected to 6 days of low intensity laser applications; and G3 (n=7) subjected to 10 days of low intensity laser applications. All subjects were evaluated by means of six evaluations of vertical jumps lasting 60 seconds each. In G2 and G3, laser applications in eight points, uniformly distributed directly to the skin in the region of the triceps surae were performed. Another variable analyzed was the delayed onset muscle soreness using the Visual Analog Scale of Pain. Results There was no significant difference in fatigue and mechanical power. In the evaluation of delayed onset muscle soreness, there was significant difference, being the first evaluation higher than the others. Conclusion The low intensity laser on the triceps surae, in sedentary individuals, had no significant effects on the variables evaluated. .

Objetivo Verificar os efeitos do laser de baixa potência (660nm) sobre o tríceps sural na fadiga muscular e na potência, durante o salto vertical, em indivíduos sedentários, além da dor muscular de início tardio. Métodos Foram inclusos no estudo 22 voluntários sedentários, divididos em três grupos: G1 (n=8), sem realização de laser de baixa potência (controle); G2 (n=7), submetido a 6 dias de aplicações de laser de baixa potência; e G3 (n=7), submetido a 10 dias de aplicações de laser de baixa potência. Todos os indivíduos foram avaliados por meio de seis avaliações de saltos verticais, com duração de 60 segundos cada. No G2 e G3, foram realizadas aplicações de laser em oito pontos, distribuídos uniformemente e diretamente na pele, na região de do tríceps sural. Outra variável analisada foi a dor muscular de início tardia, utilizando a Escala Visual Analógica de Dor. Resultados Não houve diferença significativa na fadiga e na potência mecânica. Na avaliação da dor muscular tardia, houve diferença significativa, sendo a primeira avaliação maior do que as demais avaliações. Conclusão A aplicação do laser de baixa potência no tríceps sural, em indivíduos sedentários, não apresentou efeitos significativos nas variáveis avaliadas. .

Avaliação da força de preensão em ratos Wistar, normais e obesos, submetidos à natação com sobrecarga após compressão do nervo mediano / Evaluation of grip strength in normal and obese Wistar rats submitted to swimming with overload after median nerve compression

Objetivo Verificar a funcionalidade por meio da força muscular de preensão em animais com obesidade induzida por glutamato monossódico (MSG) e animais controle, que sofreram compressão do nervo mediano direito, tendo como tratamento a natação com carga. Métodos Ratos Wistar neonatos durante os primeiros cinco dias de vida receberam injeções subcutâneas de MSG. O grupo controle recebeu solução salina hiperosmótica. Quarenta e oito ratos foram divididos em seis grupos: G1(controle); G2 (controle com lesão); G3 (controle com lesão + natação); G4 (obesos); G5 (obesos com lesão); G6 (obesos com lesão + natação). Os animais dos grupos G2, G3, G5 e G6 foram submetidos à compressão do nervo mediano e os dos grupos G3 e G6 foram tratados, após a lesão, com exercício de natação com carga durante três semanas. A natação teve duração progressiva conforme as semanas, de 20, 30 e 40 minutos. A força muscular foi avaliada por meio de um medidor de força de preensão no pré-operatório, no terceiro, sétimo, 14° e 21° dia pós-operatório. Os resultados foram expressos e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados Quando comparada a força de preensão entre as avaliações, indiferentemente de grupos, na segunda avaliação os animais apresentaram menor força de preensão. Os grupos G1 e G4 apresentaram força de preensão maior, em comparação com os grupos G2, G3, G4 e G6. Conclusão O exercício de natação com sobrecarga não foi eficaz em promover melhoria na força muscular de preensão após lesão de compressão do nervo mediano direito em ratos controle e obesos-MSG. .

Objective To verify the functionality through muscle grip strength in animals with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in control animals, which suffered compression of the right median nerve, and treated with swimming with overload. Methods During the first five days of life, neonatal Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of MSG. The control group received a hypertonic saline solution. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: G1 (control); G2 (control + injury); G3 (control + injury + swimming); G4 (obese); G5 (obese + injury); and G6 (obese + injury + swimming). The animals in groups G2, G3, G5 and G6 were submitted to compression of the median nerve and G3 and G6 groups were treated, after injury, with swimming exercise with load for three weeks. The swimming exercise had a progressive duration, according to the week, of 20, 30 and 40 min. Muscle strength was assessed using a grip strength meter preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after surgery. The results were expressed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results When the grip strength was compared among assessments regardless of group, in the second assessment the animals exhibited lower grip strength. G1 and G4 groups had greater grip strength, compared to G2, G3, G4 and G6. Conclusion The swimming exercise with overload has not been effective in promoting improvement in muscle grip strength after compression injury of the right median nerve in control and in obese-MSG rats. .

Swimming does not alter nociception threshold in obese rats submitted to median nerve compression.

OBJECTIVES: We, herein, analyzed the effect of swimming on nociception threshold and peripheral nerve regeneration in lean and obese rats submitted to median nerve compression. METHODS: To induce obesity, newborn male Wistar rats received injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG), whereas the control (CTL) group received saline. The animals were separated into 6 groups; control and obese (CTL and MSG), control and obese with lesion (CTL LES and MSG LES), and control and obese with lesion submitted to physical exercise (CTL LES PE and MSG LES PE). RESULTS: Median nerve compression reduced nociception threshold in CTL LES and MSG LES rats. Swimming effectively altered nociception only in CTL LES PE animals. Lean and obese animals displayed histological differences, when compared to sedentary animals, and exercise improved axon regeneration in both groups. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor and GAP 43 protein expression was greater in animals submitted to nervous compression without alteration by exercise. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, swimming, a conservative treatment for peripheral nerve lesions, was not able to improve the nociception threshold in obese rats.

[Evaluation of grip strength in normal and obese Wistar rats submitted to swimming with overload after median nerve compression]. / Avaliação da força de preensão em ratos Wistar, normais e obesos, submetidos à natação com sobrecarga após compressão do nervo mediano.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the functionality through muscle grip strength in animals with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in control animals, which suffered compression of the right median nerve, and treated with swimming with overload. METHODS: During the first five days of life, neonatal Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of MSG. The control group received a hypertonic saline solution. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: G1 (control); G2 (control + injury); G3 (control + injury + swimming); G4 (obese); G5 (obese + injury); G6 (obese + injury + swimming). The animals in groups G2, G3, G5 and G6 were submitted to compression of the median nerve and G3 and G6 groups were treated, after injury, with swimming exercise with load for three weeks. The swimming exercise had a progressive duration, according to the week, of 20, 30 and 40minutes. Muscle strength was assessed using a grip strength meter preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after surgery. The results were expressed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: When the grip strength was compared among assessments regardless of group, in the second assessment the animals exhibited lower grip strength. G1 and G4 groups had greater grip strength, compared to G2, G3, G4 and G6. CONCLUSION: The swimming exercise with overload has not been effective in promoting improvement in muscle grip strength after compression injury of the right median nerve in control and in obese-MSG rats.

Comparison of low level laser, ultrasonic therapy and association in joint pain in Wistar rats.

INTRODUCTION: Both therapeutic ultrasound as a low level laser therapy are used to control musculoskeletal pain, despite controversy about its effects, yet the literature is poor and also presents conflicting results on possible cumulative effects of techniques association. The aim was to compare the antinociceptive effects of low level laser therapy, therapeutic ultrasound and the association. METHODS: 24 Wistar rats were divided into: GPL--induction of hyperesthesia in the right knee, and untreated; GUS--treated with therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.4 W/cm2) GL--low intensity laser (830 nm, 8 J/cm2); GL+US--treated with both techniques. To produce the hyperesthesia 100 µl of 5% formalin solution were injected into the tibiofemoral joint space, which was assessed by von Frey filament digital before (EV1), 15 (EV2), 30 (EV3) and 60 (EV4) minutes after induction. RESULTS: In comparison within groups, for the withdrawal threshold when the fi lament was applied to the knee, the back to baseline was observed only for GUS. Comparisons between groups were not different in EV3, and GL was higher than GPL. In EV4 the three groups effectively treated were higher than placebo. On withdrawal threshold on the plantar surface, GL showed return to baseline values already in EV3, and GUS and GL+US returned in EV4. Comparing the groups in EV3 there was a significantly lower threshold to compare GPL with GL and GUS (p <0.05), and there was only EV4 differences when comparing GPL with GUS. CONCLUSION: Both modalities showed antinociceptive effects.

Comparação entre o laser de baixa potência, ultrassom terapêutico e associação, na dor articular em ratos Wistar / Comparison of low level laser, ultrasonic therapy and association in joint pain in Wistar rats

Introdução: Tanto o ultrassom terapêutico quanto o laser de baixa potência são utilizados para o controle da dor musculoesquelética, apesar de controvérsias. Ainda, a literatura é pobre e também apresenta resultados controversos sobre efeitos cumulativos da associação de técnicas. Assim, o objetivo foi comparar os efeitos antinociceptivos do laser, do ultrassom e da associação destes. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 24 ratas, divididas em: GPL - indução de hiperestesia no joelho direito, e não tratadas; GUS - ultrassom terapêutico (1 MHz, 0,4 W/cm2); GL - laser de baixa potência (830 nm, 8 J/cm2); GL+US - tratadas com as duas técnicas. Para a hiperestesia foram injetados no espaço tíbio-femoral 100 μl de solução de formalina 5%, e avaliada por filamento de von Frey digital, antes (AV1), 15 (AV2), 30 (AV3) e 60 (AV4) minutos após a indução. Resultados: Na comparação dentro dos grupos, para o limiar de retirada quando o filamento foi aplicado nos joelhos, foi possível observar volta aos valores basais apenas para GUS. Nas comparações entre os grupos houve diferenças em AV3, sendo que GL foi maior do que PL. Em AV4 os três grupos tratados apresentaram valores maiores que o placebo. No limiar de retirada na superfície plantar GL mostrou retorno dos valores basais em AV3, e GUS e GL+US retornaram em AV4. Na comparação entre os grupos, em AV3 havia um limiar menor em GPL ao comparar com GL e GUS (p<0,05), e em AV4 só havia diferenças ao comparar GPL com GUS. Conclusão: Ambas as modalidades apresentaram efeitos antinociceptivos. .

Introduction: Both therapeutic ultrasound as a low level laser therapy are used to control musculoskeletal pain, despite controversy about its effects, yet the literature is poor and also presents conflicting results on possible cumulative effects of techniques association. The aim was to compare the antinociceptive effects of low level laser therapy, therapeutic ultrasound and the association. Methods: 24 Wistar rats were divided into: GPL - induction of hyperesthesia in the right knee, and untreated; GUS - treated with therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.4 W / cm2) GL - low intensity laser (830 nm, 8 J/cm2); GL+US - treated with both techniques. To produce the hyperesthesia 100 μl of 5% formalin solution were injected into the tibiofemoral joint space, which was assessed by von Frey filament digital before (EV1), 15 (EV2), 30 (EV3) and 60 (EV4) minutes after induction. Results: In comparison within groups, for the withdrawal threshold when the fi lament was applied to the knee, the back to baseline was observed only for GUS. Comparisons between groups were not different in EV3, and GL was higher than GPL. In EV4 the three groups effectively treated were higher than placebo. On withdrawal threshold on the plantar surface, GL showed return to baseline values already in EV3, and GUS and GL+US returned in EV4. Comparing the groups in EV3 there was a significantly lower threshold to compare GPL with GL and GUS (p <0.05), and there was only EV4 differences when comparing GPL with GUS. Conclusion: Both modalities showed antinociceptive effects. .