Fluid-Fluid Exchange and External Needle Drainage with Minimal Gas Vitrectomy Associated with Retinal Displacement.

PURPOSE: To determine if fluid-fluid exchange (endo-drainage) or external needle drainage can result in retinal displacement following minimal gas vitrectomy (MGV) with no fluid-air exchange for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS: Two patients with macula off RRD underwent MGV with and without segmental buckle. First case had minimal gas vitrectomy with segmental buckle (MGV-SB), along with endo-drainage, while the second case had MGV only with external fluid drainage. At the completion of surgery, the patient was immediately log rolled to face down for 6 hours followed by positioning to the break. RESULTS: Both patients achieved retinal reattachment and post-operative wide-field fundus autofluorescence imaging demonstrated a low integrity retinal attachment (LIRA) with retinal displacement. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic fluid drainage techniques such as fluid-fluid exchange or external needle drainage during MGV (without fluid-air exchange) may result in retinal displacement. Allowing the retinal pigment epithelial pump to reabsorb the fluid naturally may reduce the risk of retinal displacement.

IMMEDIATE SUBRETINAL FLUID DISPLACEMENT FROM THE BUOYANT FORCE OF A SMALL GAS BUBBLE IN PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY: INSIGHTS INTO THE POTENTIAL MECHANISM OF RETINAL DISPLACEMENT AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate how a small gas bubble injected into the vitreous cavity in pneumatic retinopexy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment causes immediate displacement of subretinal fluid and to gain insights into the potential mechanism of retinal displacement. METHODS: Three patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent pneumatic retinopexy were enrolled and prospectively followed. All patients underwent ultra-widefield fundus photography at baseline and at 1 to 2 minutes after intravitreal gas injection. RESULTS: In all cases, the ultra-widefield fundus photograph demonstrated immediate displacement of subretinal fluid, suggesting that the buoyant force applied to the retina by the bubble was responsible for the displacement of subretinal fluid. The results were extrapolated to determine the buoyant force applied by a small and large gas bubble as in pneumatic retinopexy and pars plana vitrectomy. We determined that the buoyant force applied with a larger bubble in pars plana vitrectomy was substantially greater, and this may lead to retinal displacement. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal gas applies significant buoyant force to the detached retina and subretinal fluid that leads to substantial and rapid displacement of subretinal fluid. Understanding the affect of the buoyant force of the gas bubble on the detached retina can provide insight into possible mechanisms of retinal displacement.

MINIMAL GAS VITRECTOMY WITH SCLERAL BUCKLE TO MINIMIZE RETINAL DISPLACEMENT IN RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH INFERIOR BREAKS.

PURPOSE: To present a novel technique, minimal gas vitrectomy with scleral buckle, as a means of potentially minimizing retinal displacement compared with standard vitrectomy or vitrectomy/scleral buckle for select cases. METHODS: A patient with right macula-off retinal detachment and retinal breaks at 7 o'clock and 10 o'clock underwent a 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, localization, and cryopexy of the breaks along with an inferior temporal segmental scleral buckle. No air-fluid exchange was performed. Suturing of sclerotomies, anterior chamber paracentesis of 0.3 mL, and intravitreal injection of 0.6 mL pure sulfur hexafluoride were then performed. The patient was advised to perform the steamroller maneuver with initial face-down positioning for 6 hours. RESULTS: The patient achieved retinal reattachment, and postoperative wide-field fundus autofluorescence imaging demonstrated high-integrity retinal attachment with no retinal displacement. CONCLUSION: The minimal gas vitrectomy with scleral buckle technique has the potential to minimize retinal displacement in cases with inferior break(s) by using a small volume expansile gas tamponade and localized scleral buckle compared with standard vitrectomy or vitrectomy/scleral buckle with a full gas fill.

Visual and satisfaction results with implantation of the trifocal Panoptix (R) intraocular lens in cataract surgery

Purpose: To assess visual results (including the Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient), and satisfaction, following the implantation of PanOptix® a trifocal intraocular lens.Methods: Observational, retrospective cohort study. 130 eyes of 65 subjects with bilateral implantation were included. Binocular uncorrected visual acuities [distance (Binocular UDVA), intermediate (Binocular UIVA) and near (Binocular UNVA)] were measured. Also, the manifest refraction, binocular defocus curve and binocular contrast sensitivity were determined. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient, a new single numerical parameter based on the area under the curve of the defocus curve, was calculated. The validated Spanish CATQUEST-9SF satisfaction survey was applied.Results: Postoperative visual acuity ranges were: binocular UDVA 0.18 to 0.0 LogMAR, binocular UIVA 0.30 to 0.0 LogMAR and Binocular UNVA 0.18 to 0.0 LogMAR. The levels of contrast sensitivity both in bright light conditions (with and without glare) and low light conditions with glare, remained within the limits of normality. Under scotopic conditions without glare values below normality were found at lower spatial frequencies. The binocular defocus curve showed a plateau without a clearly evident peak. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient was 0.199. Two patients (3.1%) needed glasses after the procedure for near and intermediate vision. No patient manifested great visual difficulties or was dissatisfied with the results.Conclusions: The trifocal platform showed very good results in this series of patients. 96.9% of the patients achieved independence of the glasses and expressed a high degree of satisfaction. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient was better than those calculated from literature, for other multifocal intraocular lenses. (AU)

MINIMAL GAS VITRECTOMY TECHNIQUE FOR REDUCING RISK OF RETINAL DISPLACEMENT FOLLOWING RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR.

PURPOSE: To present a novel technique, minimal gas vitrectomy, as a means of potentially minimizing retinal displacement compared with standard vitrectomy for select cases. METHODS: A patient with a macula off retinal detachment and break at 12 o'clock underwent a 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, endodiathermy of the superior break in detached retina and endolaser of the inferior break in attached retina, without air-fluid exchange. Suturing of sclerotomies, anterior chamber paracentesis of 0.3 mL followed by intravitreal injection of 0.6 mL pure SF 6 was then performed. Positioning was face down for 6 hours and then steamroll up with laser retinopexy to the superior break the following day. RESULTS: Postoperative fundus autofluorescence imaging demonstrated no retinal displacement. CONCLUSION: The minimal gas vitrectomy technique has the potential to minimize retinal displacement by using a smaller gas tamponade compared to standard vitrectomy in certain cases with specific postoperative positioning instructions.

Visual and satisfaction results with implantation of the trifocal Panoptix® intraocular lens in cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To assess visual results (including the Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient), and satisfaction, following the implantation of PanOptix® a trifocal intraocular lens. METHODS: Observational, retrospective cohort study. 130 eyes of 65 subjects with bilateral implantation were included. Binocular uncorrected visual acuities [distance (Binocular UDVA), intermediate (Binocular UIVA) and near (Binocular UNVA)] were measured. Also, the manifest refraction, binocular defocus curve and binocular contrast sensitivity were determined. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient, a new single numerical parameter based on the area under the curve of the defocus curve, was calculated. The validated Spanish CATQUEST-9SF satisfaction survey was applied. RESULTS: Postoperative visual acuity ranges were: binocular UDVA 0.18 to 0.0 LogMAR, binocular UIVA 0.30 to 0.0 LogMAR and Binocular UNVA 0.18 to 0.0 LogMAR. The levels of contrast sensitivity both in bright light conditions (with and without glare) and low light conditions with glare, remained within the limits of normality. Under scotopic conditions without glare values below normality were found at lower spatial frequencies. The binocular defocus curve showed a plateau without a clearly evident peak. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient was 0.199. Two patients (3.1%) needed glasses after the procedure for near and intermediate vision. No patient manifested great visual difficulties or was dissatisfied with the results. CONCLUSIONS: The trifocal platform showed very good results in this series of patients. 96.9% of the patients achieved independence of the glasses and expressed a high degree of satisfaction. The Lapid-Kushlin defocus coefficient was better than those calculated from literature, for other multifocal intraocular lenses.

Standard Results and Contrast Sensitivity Reestablishment after Implantation of a Trifocal Intraocular Lens.

PURPOSE/AIM: To assess, following the standards, the results of safety, efficacy and predictability for a trifocal intraocular lens and to evaluate contrast sensitivity and visual acuity defocus curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty subjects operated on cataract surgery or refractive lens exchange with a trifocal intraocular lens have been recruited for the study. The monocular uncorrected visual acuity (VA) at far, intermediate (67 cm) and near (40 cm) distances in addition to corrected VA at far and near distances was evaluated at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Postoperative refraction, binocular contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and binocular defocus curves were also collected at the 3-month follow-up visit. RESULTS: Mean uncorrected VA was 0.10, 0.07 and 0.05 logMAR at far, intermediate and near distances. Corrected distance VA at far and near distances was 0.04 and 0.02 logMAR. Ninety percent and 100% achieved a spherical equivalent in ±0.50 D and ±1.00 D, respectively. CSF was above normal range for 12 and 18 cycles per degree (cpd) in all the conditions, inside the normal range in 1.5, 3 and 6 cpd and only decreased below normal range for 1.5 and 3 cpd in mesopic vision without glare. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure achieved a safety, efficacy and predictability similar to those reported by previous studies. The CSF was generally enhanced after the procedure in comparison to those reported in non-operated subjects above 60 years old. Previous studies might underestimate the effective distance of the intermediate and near foci.

Consensus on the management of astigmatism in cataract surgery.

This project was aimed at achieving consensus on the management of astigmatism during cataract surgery by ophthalmologists from Latin America using modified Delphi technique. Relevant peer-reviewed literature was identified, and 21 clinical research questions associated with the definition, classification, measurement, and treatment of astigmatism during cataract surgery were formulated. Twenty participants were divided into seven groups, and each group was assigned three questions to which they had to respond in written form, after thoroughly reviewing the literature. The assigned questions with corresponding responses by each group were discussed with other participants in round 4 - presentation of findings. The consensus was achieved if approval was obtained from at least 80% of participants. The present paper provides several agreements and recommendations for management of astigmatism during cataract surgery, which could potentially minimize the variability in practice patterns and help ophthalmologists adopt optimal practices for cataract patients with astigmatism and improve patient satisfaction.

Giant intrastromal cleft in corneal hydrops.

A 15-year-old male patient with corneal hydrops and a giant intrastromal cleft (pseudocyst) successfully received medical treatment with topical prednisolone, hypertonic saline solution and ocular hypotensive eyedrops. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used as an auxiliary tool for assessing the response to treatment during follow-up time (33 months).

Macular findings in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and OCT Angiography in a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome.

BACKGROUND: To report the clinical, electrophysiological and the anatomical findings in a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 55-year-old female with KSS, who developed systemic features and ocular manifestations as ophthalmoplegia and retinal dysfunction, that were corroborated by electrophysiological test and High Definition Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (HD SD OCT) and OCT-Angiography (OCT-A). CONCLUSION: We report a patient with KSS, accompanied by some alterations of the RPE and photoreceptors observed in the external HD SD OCT and OCT-A. In the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of HD SD OCT findings in a patient with KSS.

Cortical blindness as severe neuro-ophthalmological manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex.

Patients with retinal lesions related to tuberous sclerous complex (TSC) commonly have no impairment of visual acuity. We present a case of a 1-year-old Hispanic girl with TSC in which bilateral cortical blindness is documented.

Patient selection for corneal collagen cross-linking: an updated review.

Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is an option that in the last decade has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in halting the progression of keratoconus (KCN) and other corneal ectasias. Its indication has been extended beyond the classic definition that required evidence of KCN progression, especially in the presence of some risk factors for a possible progression (particularly the younger age). However, the results can be still somewhat variable today. There are several protocols, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some predictors of CXL outcome have been identified. We will review the current knowledge on patient selection for CXL, its indications, and options in special cases (such as thin corneas).

Cirugía de catarata en el paciente con fragilidad endotelial. Revisión de la literatura y aproximación para evaluación del riesgo / Cataract surgery in the patient with endothelial fragility. Review of the literature and approach for risk assessment

Propósito: Revisar Los factores de riesgo preoperatorios y quirúrgicos más importantes de daño corneal en pacientes que requieren cirugía de catarata y arrojar una herramienta para estratificar el riesgo y personalizar el abordaje quirúrgico. Diseño: Revisión de la literatura. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura utilizando los siguientes términos DeCS: "fragilidad endotelial", "patología corneal" y "riesgo endotelial en cirugía de catarata" en los buscadores PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar. Además se utilizaron palabras clave como "endotelio corneal", "Distrofia endotelial de Fuchs", "Queratopatia bulosa pseudofaquica" y "descompensación corneal". Resultados: Un total de 39 artículos de 1978-2017 fueron revisados. Los mayores factores de riesgo de daño endotelial fueron identificados con énfasis en la distrofia endotelial de Fuchs. Con base en parámetros cuantitativos y cualitativos de la función endotelial, la dureza de la catarata y la profundidad de la cámara anterior, se diseñó la Matriz de Evaluación de Riesgo Endotelial para evaluar y asignar un puntaje a cada caso. Dependiendo del puntaje, el cirujano puede elegir entre opciones quirúrgicas como: procedimiento triple, técnicas libres de ultrasonido o facoemulsificación con protección endotelial. Conclusiones: La intersección entre fragilidad endotelial, dureza de la catarata y trauma endotelial en cirugía determina el riesgo de descompensación corneal. La valoración preoperatoria del riesgo usando la Matriz de Evaluación de Riesgo Endotelial tiene el potencial de ayudar en la selección del paciente y de la técnica quirúrgica.

Purpose: To review the most important pre-operative and surgical risk factors for endothelial damage in patients undergoing cataract surgery and to provide a tool for risk stratification and guidelines to customize the surgical approach. Design: Review of the literature. Methods: We performed a review of the literature using the following MeSH terms: "endothelial fragility", "corneal pathology" and "endothelial risk in cataract surgery" in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. In addition, keywords such as "corneal endothelium", "Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy", "pseudophakic bullous keratopathy" and "corneal decompensation" were used. Results: A total of 39 articles from 1978-2017 were reviewed. The major systemic, ocular and intraoperative factors causative of endothelial cell damage were identified, emphasizing on Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. Based on selected qualitative and quantitative parameters of endothelial function, nuclear cataract density and anterior chamber depth, the Endothelial Risk Assessment Matrix was designed to evaluate each case and assign a particular score. Depending on the score, the surgeon can decide between options such as triple procedure, zero- ultrasound techniques or phacoemulsification with endothelial protection. Conclusions: The intersection of endothelial fragility, cataract hardness and intraoperative endothelial trauma determines the risk of corneal decompensation. Preoperative evaluation of endothelial risk by scoring with the Endothelial Risk Assessment Matrix has the potential to aid in patient selection and surgical customization.

Análisis de la salud visual de los colombianos 2011-2012 / Analysis of colombian visual health in 2011 - 2012

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia de las enfermedades que afectan la salud visual y su impacto económico para Colombia. Método: con la información de cinco instituciones nacionales que proporcionaron las bases de datos de la población atendida en los años 2011 y 2012; se construyó una única base de datos. Con la información ya compilada, se realizó un análisis retrospectivo que incluyó la caracterización de la población, frecuencia diagnóstica, tipo de procedimientos y costos. Los diagnósticos encontrados fueron agrupados según la clasificación CIE-10 para enfermedades del ojo. El total de los registros se comparó con los datos de los registros individuales de prestación de servició de salud, para estos mismos años, y se obtuvo un costo promedio de las enfermedades. Resultados: el total de la base analizada estaba conformada por 94.661 pacientes, atendidos en el año 2011 y 73.433 pacientes para el año 2012. Se encontró que el total de pacientes incluidos en este análisis corresponden al 8,2 % para el año 2011 y al 9,9 % del total de los registros individuales de prestación de servició de salud para el año 2012. La distribución de los principales diagnósticos encontrados en consulta externa para los dos años analizados, arrojó que los trastornos de refracción ocupan el primer lugar, seguidos de cataratas para ambos años. Conclusiones: se evidencia la necesidad de contar con investigaciones que muestren la situación de salud visual de la población con representatividad nacional, para poder generar planes, que promuevan el control, seguimiento y prevención de las enfermedades de salud visual en Colombia.

Objective: to analyze the trend of the diseases that aff ect the visual health and their economic impact on Colombian population. Methods: with the information from five national institutions that provided databases of people examined in 2011 and 2012 a database was built. With that unified information a retrospective analysis was done, that included the characterization of the population, diagnosis frequency, type and cost of the procedures. The diagnoses found were grouped according to the ICD-10 classification for eye diseases. The total number of registers was compared with data from the individual records of health service assistance for the same years, and an average cost per disease was obtained. Results: the total base analyzed consisted of 94 661 patients seen in 2011 and 73,433 patients in 2012. The patients included in this analysis correspond to 8.2% for 2011 and 9, 9% of total from the individual records of health service assistance for 2012. Distribution of the main outpatient diagnoses for the two years analyzed, showed that refractive disorders rank first followed by cataracts in both years. Conclusions: It is necessary to investigate the visual health state of a representative population in the country, in order to generate plans that promote the control, monitoring and prevention of eye diseases in Colombia.

Ocular cysticercosis of the anterior segment.

A 6-year-old girl presented with signs of severe anterior uveitis. After initiating treatment, a cyst like lesion was observed in the anterior chamber that led to the diagnosis of ocular cysticercosis that was ultimately confirmed with histopathologic analysis. Ocular cysticercosis usually affects the extraocular muscle. Infection of the anterior chamber has been described, although to a lesser extent. Because of the usually poor visual prognosis and the controversy in treatment, physicians should be aware of this disease and its different variants of presentation.