[The meaning of PSA progression after radical prostatectomy. Preliminary results]. / Significado de la progresión de PSA tras prostatectomía radical. Resultados preliminares.

OBJECTIVES: To report our findings regarding to the natural history of prostate cancer (PCa) that shows recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP), in terms of time to development of metastatic disease and death from PCa. To identify independent predictors of PSA recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 227 patients with clinically localized PCa who underwent RP. The event PSA recurrence was defined as the presence of a postoperative PSA level of 0,2 ng/ml or higher at least 3 months after surgery. Hence, cases with shorter follow-up time were excluded from analysis. No adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy or hormonal therapy) was performed in the included population. Recurrence free survival was calculated during the follow-up period (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Uni and multivariate study was performed in order to assess the ability of factors as preoperative PSA level, Gleason score in surgical specimen, capsular penetration, positive surgical margins (excluding urethral), extracapsular extension, positive pelvic lymph nodes, and seminal vesicle invasion, to predict PSA recurrence. Finally, we selected the group of patients with PSA recurrence and calculated the probability of being free from distant metastatic disease during the follow-up period. Also, function of disease-specific survival was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 208 records were finally included in the study. Median age was 61 years. A total of 47 (22.6%) presented with extracapsular extension. Median follow-up time was 35.8 months, and 49 (23.6%) developed PSA recurrence. Recurrence free survival was 79.9% and 67.4% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Only three factors were identified with the aid of multivariate analysis as independent predictors of recurrence: preoperative PSA >= 10 ng/ml (hazard ratio--HR--3.03), Gleason score in surgical specimen 8 or higher (HR 3.42), and the finding of capsular penetration (HR 2.17). When only patients with PSA recurrence were considered, 16.3% developed distant metastasis. Probabilities of being free from distant disease after PSA recurrence were 97.7% and 86.9% at 2 and 5 years respectively (actuarial median time 110.8 months). Only 2 patients died from PCa, therefore disease-specific mortality analysis was not performed. CONCLUSIONS: Although an important proportion of patients present with PSA recurrence after RP in our setting, the prognosis in term of development of metastatic disease is acceptable in the short-medium term. Anyway, further analysis will be needed to ascertain the evolution of these patients in the long term.

Significado de la progresión de PSA tras prostatectomía radical. Resultados preliminares / The meaning of PSA progression after radical prostatectomy. Preliminary results

Objetivos: Ofrecer nuestra experiencia respecto de la historia natural del cáncer de próstata (CaP) que sufre progresión tras la prostatectomía radical (PR), en términos de tiempo hasta la aparición de metástasis o hasta la muerte por esta enfermedad. Identificar los factores clínico-patológicos que pueden condicionar dicha evolución. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 227 pacientes con CaP clínicamente localizado sometidos a PR. Se definió el evento progresión bioquímica (PBQ) como el presentar un PSA postoperatorio de 0,2 ng/ml al menos tres meses tras la cirugía, excluyendo del análisis los casos con tiempo de seguimiento inferior al mencionado. No se administró tratamiento precoz (radioterapia externa o bloqueo hormonal) en los pacientes incluidos. Se calculó la supervivencia libre de PBQ a lo largo del tiempo (análisis Kaplan-Meier). Se estudió (análisis uni y multivariante) la capacidad de factores como PSA preoperatorio, score de Gleason en la pieza, presencia de penetración capsular, margen quirúrgico afectado (excluyendo uretral), extensión extracapsular, presencia de ganglios positivos, y afectación de vesículas seminales, para predecir la recurrencia. Por último, para el grupo de pacientes que presentaron PBQ, calculamos la probabilidad de permanecer libre de metástasis a distancia a lo largo del seguimiento, así como la función de supervivencia cáncer-específica. Resultados: Un total de 208 registros fueron finalmente incluidos en el estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 61 años. Un total de 47 (22,6%) presentó estadio patológico extracapsular. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 35,8 meses. Un total de 49 (23,6%) presentaron PBQ. La probabilidad de permanecer libre de PBQ fue de 79,9% y 67,4% a los 2 y 5 años, respectivamente.Tan sólo tres factores fueron identificados por el modelo multivariante como predictores independientes de recurrencia: un PSA preoperatorio>= 10 ng/ml (hazard ratio –HR- 3,03), score de Gleason en la pieza quirúrgica entre 8 y 10 (HR 3,42), y el hallazgo de penetración capsular (HR2,17). De los pacientes que presentaron PBQ, 16,3% desarrolló metástasis a distancia. Las probabilidades de permanecer libre de metástasis tras la PBQ fueron calculadas en 97,7% y 86,9% a los 2 y a los 5 años respectivamente (mediana actuarial de 110,8 meses). Sólo 2 individuos fallecieron por CaP por lo que no se llevó a cabo análisis de mortalidad cáncer-específica. Conclusiones: A pesar de la notable proporción de pacientes con progresión de PSA tras la prostatectomía radical en nuestro entorno, su pronóstico a corto y medio plazo, en términos de desarrollo de metástasis, es aceptable. En cualquier caso, un nuevo análisis será necesario para verificarla evolución a largo plazo de estos pacientes

Objectives: To report our findings regarding to the natural history of prostate cancer (PCa) that shows recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP), in terms of time to development of metastatic disease and death from PCa. To identify independent predictors of PSA recurrence. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 227 patients with clinically localized PCa who underwent RP. The event PSA recurrence was defined as the presence of a postoperative PSA level of 0,2 ng/ml or higher at least 3 months after surgery. Hence, cases with shorter follow-uptime were excluded from analysis. No adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy or hormonal therapy) was performed in the included population. Recurrence free survival was calculated during the follow-up period (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Uni and multivariate study was performed inorder to assess the ability of factors as preoperative PSA level, Gleason score in surgical specimen, capsular penetration, positive surgical margins(excluding urethral), extracapsular extension, positive pelvic lymph nodes, and seminal vesicle invasion, to predict PSA recurrence.Finally, we selected the group of patients with PSA recurrence and calculated the probability of being free from distant metastatic disease during the follow-up period. Also, function of disease-specific survival was calculated. Results: A total of 208 records were finally included in the study. Median age was 61 years. A total of 47 (22.6%) presented with extracapsular extension. Median follow-up time was 35.8 months, and 49 (23.6%) developed PSA recurrence. Recurrence free survival was 79.9% and 67.4% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Only three factors were identified with the aid of multivariate analysis as independent predictors of recurrence: preoperative PSA >= 10 ng/ml (hazard ratio –HR- 3.03), Gleason score in surgical specimen 8 or higher (HR 3.42), and the finding of capsular penetration (HR 2.17). When only patients with PSA recurrence were considered, 16.3% developed distant metastasis. Probabilities of being free from distant disease after PSA recurrence were 97.7% and 86.9% at 2 and 5 years respectively (actuarial median time 110.8 months). Only 2 patients died from PCa, therefore disease-specific mortality analysis was not performed. Conclusions: Although an important proportion of patients present with PSA recurrence after RP in our setting, the prognosis in term of development of metastatic disease is acceptable in the short-medium term. Anyway, further analysis will be needed to ascertain the evolution of these patients in the long term

Incidencia del cáncer urológico en un área sanitaria de 300.000 habitantes / Genitourinary cancer incidence in a healt geographic area of 300.000 people

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar información sobre la incidencia cáncer específica ajustada de los tumores urológicos durante un período de 10 años en el área geográfica de Getafe (Madrid, España, 300,000 habitantes). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En este estudio retrospectivo se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados histológicamente de cáncer genitourinario (vejiga, próstata, riñón, pene y testículo) entre 1992 y 2001. Todos los tumores fueron clasificados de acuerdo a las normas internacionales. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia ajustada (estandarizada) por cada 100.000 habitantes (o por cada 100.000 varones en los casos de los tumores de próstata, pene y testículo). Además se evaluó el incremento global y cáncer específico anual. Para el ajuste de la población fueron utilizados los datos poblacionales más recientes publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. RESULTADOS: El cáncer de próstata fue el tumor más frecuente. Se detectó una importante correlación entre el número total de nuevos diagnósticos de cáncer y el incremento de la población. Sin embargo ésta no pudo ser demostrada cuando se compararon los nuevos diagnósticos en mujeres con el incremento de población femenina, pero sí en el caso de la masculina. No obstante, únicamente el número de nuevos casos de cáncer de próstata se asoció de manera significativa con la población. CONCLUSIONES: Las tasas de incidencia de cada cáncer se han incrementado a lo largo de la última década, sin embargo, este incremento no ha sido paralelo al incremento de la población, probablemente debido a la modificación de factores ambientales

OBJECTIVE: To provide descriptive information on site-specific urological cancer occurrence we computed 10-year cancer incidence rates in the geographic area of Getafe (Madrid, Spain, 300,000 people). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only histologically confirmed genitourinary cancer (bladder, prostate, kidney, testicle and penis) throughout 1992-2001 was considered. Cancers were classified according to the international rules. 10 years age-standardized population-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 people (or per 100,000 men when appropriate) were calculated. Overall and cancer-specific yearly increments were also evaluated. The most recent release of National Statistics (2001) was used for population adjusting. RESULTS: Prostate cancer (PC) accounted for the majority of diagnostics. A strong correlation was detected between the total number of new cancer diagnostics and the overall population. While the correlation was frail between the number of new cancer diagnostics in females and the female population, the association remained significant in males. Nevertheless, only the number of new prostate cancer diagnostics was firmly and significantly associated with the population. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rates of every cancer type increased throughout the last decade. Nevertheless, this increases didn´t parallel the population increment perhaps translating environmental factors

[Natural history of localized prostate cancer. Preliminary data on progression and mortality]. / Historia natural del cáncer de próstata localizado. Datos preliminares de progresión y mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: To address the effect of therapy options and other factors on the natural history of localized prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: Men with diagnosed clinically localized PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), radiotherapy (RT) or watchful waiting (WW). Rates of biochemical progression (BQP) and clinical progression (CLP) were calculated. The effects of therapy, initial PSA, presence of palpable tumor and Gleason score were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. Similar methods were used to study overall and disease-specific survival. RESULTS: A total of 228 patients were studied (135 underwent RP, 46 RT, and 47 WW). Median followup time was 2.5 years. Forty patients presented with BQP. The probability of being free from BQP after 2 and 5 years was 76.8% and 57.9% respectively for the whole population, 70.9% and 57.6% for RP patients, 100% and 100% for RT, and 87.1% and 47.2% for WW (p = 0.031). Nineteen patients presented with CLP, with no significant differences with regard to therapy option. A poorly differentiated Gleason score favoured the probability of presenting with CLP (p = 0.022) and shift to metastatic disease (p < 0.001). No cancer-specific mortality was recorded in the studied population. CONCLUSIONS: Short and medium-term prognosis is excellent for localized prostate cancer in terms of survival. Nevertheless, some patients show a higher risk of progressing to metastatic disease (poorly differentiated Gleason score).

Historia natural del cáncer de próstata localizado: Datos preliminares de progresión y mortalidad / Natural history of localized prostate cancer: Preliminary data on progression and mortality

OBJETIVO: Conocer el impacto de la alternativa terapéutica y de otros factores sobre la historia natural del cáncer de próstata (CaP) localizado. MÉTODOS: Pacientes con CaP clínicamente localizado sometidos a prostatectomía radical (PR), radioterapia (RT) u observación (OBS). Se calcularon las tasas de progresión bioquímica (PBQ) y clínica (PCL). Se evaluaron los efectos del tratamiento, del PSA al diagnóstico, de la presencia de tumor palpable y del score de Gleason mediante análisis Kaplan- Meier y test log-rank. Del mismo modo se estudiaron la mortalidad global y la cáncer específica. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 228 pacientes (135 sometidos a PR, 46 a RT, y 47 a OBS). La mediana del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 2,5 años. Cuarenta pacientes presentaron PBQ. La probabilidad de permanecer libre de PBQ a los 2 y 5 años fue de 76,8% y 57,9% respectivamente para la serie completa, 70,9% y 57,6% para PR, 100% y 100% para RT, y 87,1% y 47,2% para OBS (p=0,031). Diecinueve pacientes presentaron PCL, no observándose diferencia significativa respecto del tratamiento efectuado. Un score de Gleason pobremente diferenciado influyó en la probabilidad de presentar PCL (p=0,022) y en la evolución a enfermedad metastásica (p<0,001). No se registró mortalidad cáncer-específica en la población estudiada. CONCLUSIONES: El pronóstico a corto y medio plazo del cáncer de próstata localizado es, en términos de supervivencia, excelente. No obstante, algunos enfermos presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad metastásica (Gleason pobremente diferenciado) (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To address the effect of therapy options and other factors on the natural history of localized prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: Men with diagnosed clinically localized PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), radiotherapy (RT) or watchful waiting (WW). Rates of biochemical progression (BQP) and clinical progression (CLP) were calculated. The effects of therapy, initial PSA, presence of palpable tumor and Gleason score were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. Similar methods were used to study overall and disease-specific survival. RESULTS: A total of 228 patients were studied (135 underwent RP, 46 RT, and 47 WW). Median followup time was 2.5 years. Forty patients presented with BQP. The probability of being free from BQP after 2 and 5 years was 76.8% and 57.9% respectively for the whole population, 70.9% and 57.6% for RP patients, 100% and 100% for RT, and 87.1% and 47.2% for WW (p=0.031). Nineteen patients presented with CLP, with no significant differences with regard to therapy option. A poorly differentiated Gleason score favoured the probability of presenting with CLP (p=0.022) and shift to metastatic disease (p<0.001). No cancer-specific mortality was recorded in the studied population. CONCLUSIONS: Short and medium term prognosis is excellent for localized prostate cancer in terms of survival. Nevertheless, some patients show a higher risk of progressing to metastatic disease (poorly differentiated Gleason score) (AU)

[Genitourinary cancer incidence in a health geographic area of 300,000 people]. / Incidencia del cáncer urológico en un área sanitaria de 300,000 habitantes.

OBJECTIVE: To provide descriptive information on site-specific urological cancer occurrence we computed 10-year cancer incidence rates in the geographic area of Getafe (Madrid, Spain, 300,000 people). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only histologically confirmed genitourinary cancer (bladder, prostate, kidney, testicle and penis) throughout 1992-2001 was considered. Cancers were classified according to the international rules. 10 years age-standardized population-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 people (or per 100,000 men when appropriate) were calculated. Overall and cancer-specific yearly increments were also evaluated. The most recent release of National Statistics (2001) was used for population adjusting. RESULTS: Prostate cancer (PC) accounted for the majority of diagnostics. A strong correlation was detected between the total number of new cancer diagnostics and the overall population. While the correlation was frail between the number of new cancer diagnostics in females and the female population, the association remained significant in males. Nevertheless, only the number of new prostate cancer diagnostics was firmly and significantly associated with the population. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rates of every cancer type increased throughout the last decade. Nevertheless, this increases didn't parallel the population increment perhaps translating environmental factors.

Mesotelioma maligno de túnica vaginal / Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis

Presentamos el caso de un paciente afecto de mesotelioma maligno de túnica vaginal, del cual existen menos de 80 casos descritos en la literatura. Se trata de un varón de 62 años, remitido por masa escrotal de 3 meses de evolución , comprobando tumoración escrotal izquierda, con signos flogóticos y erupción pápulovesicular en escroto-hipogastrio. Se realizó orquiectomía, con escrototomía parcial. Tras la exéresis quirúrgica y diagnóstico anatomopatológico de mesotelioma maligno infiltrante, se constató mediante TAC, la presencia de metástasis retroperitoneales, pulmonares y hepáticas. El paciente está recibiendo tratamiento combinado de Quimioterapia y Radioterapia con un pronóstico sombrío. Revisamos el diagnóstico, histología y opciones de tratamiento de este tipo infrecuente de tumor paratesticular (AU)

[Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis]. / Mesotelioma maligno de túnica vaginal.

Case report of a new case of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. A mediterranean male age 62, presented with enlargement and swelling of the scrotum, treated as orchiepydidymitis within the previous 3 months. Physical and ultrasonography examination showed a left scrotal mass with extension to the skin of the scrotum. After surgery (orchiectomy and partial hemiscrotectomy) and histopathology diagnosis of locally advanced malignant mesothelioma, CT showed metastasis in retroperitoneum, Lung and Liver. The patient undergoes chemotherapy and radiotheraphy with a poor prognose. We review the diagnosis, histopathology and therapeutical approach for this uncommon kind of paratesticular tumor (less than 80 cases reported in the last 30 years).