Fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo y su relación con el cáncer de piel: revisión sistemática / Cutaneous photoaging and its association with skin cancer: a systematic review

Introducción. Un factor fundamental en el envejecimiento de la piel es la exposición acumulativa a la luz solar. Al avanzar el proceso de fotoenvejecimiento, el colágeno y las fibras elásticas experimentan mayores daños, generando patologías asociadas a cáncer. Se plantea como objetivo de esta revisión, analizar la evidencia que existe en relación a las diferentes situaciones del fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo y su asociación con el cáncer de piel. Metodología. Se elaboró una revisión sistemática, exploratoria, a través de una búsqueda bibliográfica en gestores de bases de datos en salud. Se seleccionaron 18 artículos completos entre los años 2019 y 2020. Resultados. Se agruparon los hallazgos de los artículos en dos matrices de información, la primera que indica los temas principales del fotoenvejecimiento y la relación con los factores asociados a cáncer de piel, y una segunda matriz que presenta la interrelación de la asociación con la conclusión más relevante del artículo. Conclusiones. El fotoenvejecimiento es un problema que crece día a día impactando en la vida del ser humano, creando repercusiones a nivel físico y mental que afectan la calidad de vida. Es necesario crear conciencia acerca de los mecanismos de fotoprotección, como el uso de bloqueadores solares, antioxidantes, evitar la luz solar y uso de lentes solares, entre otros; y, en los casos que ya exista algún daño por fotoenvejecimiento, elegir la mejor alternativa e individualizar cada paciente según su tipo de piel y enfermedades asociadas con la edad, para un mejor enfoque de tratamiento, y así impactar de manera positiva en el crecimiento exponencial que existe hoy en día en diversos tipos de cáncer de piel y lesiones precancerosas

Introduction. A fundamental factor in skin aging is cumulative exposure to sunlight. As the photoaging process progresses, collagen and elastic fibers experience greater damage, generating pathologies associated with cancer. The aim of this review is to analyze the evidence that exists in relation to the different situations of cutaneous photoaging and its association with skin cancer. Methodology. A systematic, exploratory review was prepared through a bibliographic search in database managers in health. A total of 18 articles were selected between the years 2019 and 2020. Results. The articles information were grouped into two matrix, the first one that indicates the main themes of photoaging and the relationship with the factors associated with skin cancer, and a second matrix that presents the interrelationship of these factors with the most relevant conclusion of the study. Conclusions. Photoaging is a problem that grows day by day impacting on human life, creating repercussions on a physical and mental level affecting the quality of life. It is necessary to raise awareness about photoprotection mechanisms such as the use of sunscreen, antioxidants , avoid sunlight, use of solar lenses, among others; and in cases where there is already some damage caused by photoaging, choose the best alternative and individualize each patient according to their skin type and diseases associated with age, for a better treatment approach, and thus positively impact the exponential growth that exists today in various types of skin cancer and precancerous lesions

Influence of technological procedures on viability, probiotic and anti-mycotoxin properties of Saccharomyces boulardii RC009, and biological safety studies.

The objective was to evaluate the technological processing (protection strategies and storage conditions) influence on viability, on probiotic properties and adsorbent aflatoxin B1 capacity of S. boulardii RC009. Also, the yeast biological safety was evaluated. Lyophilisation (DL) and encapsulation â€‹+ â€‹lyophilisation (EL) were conducted. Yeast protected with maltodextrin (M) or WPC stored at 4 â€‹°C reduced 1 and 2 log the viability, respectively. Yeast protected with M stored at 25 â€‹°C reduced 1 log after 70 â€‹d; with WPC the viability significantly reduced 3 log after 30 â€‹d. Technological processing improved the coaggregation's capacity with pathogens and DL process allowed the greatest AFB1 adsorption. S. boulardii 106 â€‹cells/mL were no toxic to Vero cells (p˂0.05). Saccharomyces boulardii RC009 protected with M or WPC maintained viability after technological processing. It possesses a great capacity for AFB1 adsorption and probiotic properties and could be considered a candidate with proven safety for functional food products development.

Evaluation of cellular safety and the chemical composition of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ethanolic extracts.

Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminosae) is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Peanut has high nutritional and commercial value. Scientific research showed that peanut has biological properties such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory. However, it is necessary to know if consumption of peanut, either as food or as a phytopharmaceutical implies a health risk. The aim was to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ethanolic extracts from A. hypogaea. Also, chemical characterization of these extracts was performed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assays on Vero cells. Genotoxicity was studied by Micronuclei and comet assays on Balb/C mice. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of extracts were performed. Results showed that extracts have low cytotoxicity. Tegument ethanolic extract (TEE) and Seed ethanolic extract (SEE) were not genotoxic. The treatments with TEE at 250 mg/kg and SEE at 2000 mg/kg revealed (highest concentrations evaluated) some toxicity on blood marrow cells of mice. Chemical characterization indicated that TEE had 74.33 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g of dried extract and SEE had 15.05 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g of dried extract of total phenolic content. Also, proanthocyanidins (O.D. at 550 nm 1.39 ± 0.15) and caffeic acid (2.46%) were identified in TEE. While, linoleic acid (58.84%) oleic acid (11.31%) and palmitic acid (8.37%) were major compounds of SEE. In conclusion, peanut consumption is safe at concentrations recommended for healthy uses, such as nutrition, and phytomedicine.

Infarto renal y disección carotídea espontánea: complicaciones de la displasia fibromuscular / Spontaneous renal infarction and carotid dissection: complications of fibromuscular dysplasia

Resumen La displasia fibromuscular es una enfermedad no inflamatoria y no aterosclerótica, que puede afectar cualquier lecho arterial; sin embargo, las arterias renales y la carótida interna son las más comprometidas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente que cursó con dolor abdominal y cefalea hemicraneana posterior, con síndrome de Horner incompleto. En arteriografía renal y panangiografía cerebral realizada por Cardiología intervencionista se observó infarto renal derecho y disección de la carótida interna derecha con formación de pseudoaneurisma. Se hizo terapia endovascular con angioplastia y se dio de alta con antiagregación dual. Es importante conocer este tipo de presentación clínica ya que el diagnóstico podría confundirse con otras enfermedades que generan signos y síntomas similares; por consiguiente, es ideal tener sospecha clínica alta para evitar retrasos en el manejo.

Abstract Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-inflammatory and non-atherosclerotic disease that can affect any arterial bed, with the renal and the internal carotid arteries being the most compromised. A case is presented on a patient that had abdominal pain and pain in the back of the head, and an incomplete Horner syndrome. In the renal arteriography and cerebral pan-angiography carried out by interventionist Cardiology, a right renal infarction and dissection of the right internal carotid was observed with a pseudo-aneurysm formation. Intravenous treatment was performed with angioplasty, and the patient was discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy. It is important to be aware of this type of clinical presentation, since the diagnosis can be confused with other diseases that produce similar signs and symptoms. It would be ideal to have a high clinical suspicion in order to avoid delays in the management.

Occurrence of Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs and Pork Cuts and Organs at the Time of Slaughter, Spain, 2017.

Zoonotic hepatitis E, mainly caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype (gt) 3, is a foodborne disease that has emerged in Europe in recent decades. The main animal reservoir for genotype 3 is domestic pigs. Pig liver and liver derivates are considered the major risk products, and studies focused on the presence of HEV in pig muscles are scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of HEV in different organs and tissues of 45 apparently healthy pigs from nine Spanish slaughterhouses (50% national production) that could enter into the food supply chain. Anti-HEV antibodies were evaluated in serum by an ELISA test. Ten samples from each animal were analyzed for the presence of HEV RNA by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The overall seroprevalence obtained was 73.3% (33/45). From the 450 samples analyzed, a total of 26 RT-qPCR positive samples were identified in the liver (7/45), feces (6/45), kidney (5/45), heart (4/45), serum (3/45), and diaphragm (1/45). This is the first report on detection of HEV RNA in kidney and heart samples of naturally infected pigs. HEV RNA detection was negative for rib, bacon, lean ham, and loin samples. These findings indicate that pig meat could be considered as a low risk material for foodborne HEV infection.

Potent inhibition of Western Equine Encephalitis virus by a fraction rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids obtained from Achyrocline satureioides

ABSTRACT Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. Asteraceae, ‘marcela del campo', possess several pharmacological properties. Previously we reported antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of A. satureioides against an alphavirus, Western Equine Encephalitis virus. Alphaviruses are highly virulent pathogens which cause encephalitis in humans and equines. There are no effective antiviral to treat its infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities against Western Equine Encephalitis virus of five water extract chromatographic fractions from A. satureioides and identify the main compounds of the bioactive fraction. Also, it was to assess in vivo cytogenotoxic ability of the active fraction. Cytotoxicity studies revealed low toxicity of the most of fractions in Vero and in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Antiviral studies showed that the water crude extract – Sephadex LH 20 – fraction 3 MeOH–H2O (Fraction 3) was active against Western Equine Encephalitis virus with Effective Concentration 50% = 5 µg/ml. Selectivity Indices were 126.0 on Vero and 133.6 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, four times higher than aqueous extract selectivity index. Regarding the mechanism of action we demonstrated that F3 exerted its action in intracellular replication stages. Further, fraction 3 showed important virucidal action. Fraction 3 contains, in order of highest to lowest: chlorogenic acid, luteolin, 5,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, 3-O-methylquercetin and caffeic acid. Fraction 3 did not induce in vivo toxic nor mutagenic effect. Therefore, it is safe its application as antiviral potential. Further studies of antiviral activity in vivo will be developed using a murine model.

Safety assessment of essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling (peperina): 90-days oral subchronic toxicity study in rats.

Minthostachys verticillata (Lamiaceae), popularly known as peperina is largely used in popular medicine for its digestive, carminative, antispasmodic and antirheumatic properties. There are no reports of repeated exposure toxicity to guarantee their safety. The present study investigated the chemical composition, analyzed by GC-FID, and the 90-day toxicity and genotoxicity effect of M. verticillata essential oil (Mv-EO), using Wistar rats as test animals. The rats were divided into four groups (5 rats/sex/group) and Mv-EO was administered on diet at doses of 0, 1, 4 and 7 g/kg feed. The main components of Mv-EO were pulegone (64.65%) and menthone (23.92%). There was no mortality, adverse effects on general conditions or changes in body weight, food consumption and feed conversion efficiency throughout the study in male and female rats. Subchronic administration of Mv-EO did not alter the weights, morphological and histopathological analyses of liver, kidney and intestine. Genotoxicity was tested by micronucleus and comet assays. Mv-EO up to a concentration of 7 g/kg feed for 90 days did not exert a cyto-genotoxic effect on the bone marrow and cells blood of Wistar rats. These results suggest that Mv-EO appears to be safe and could be devoid of any toxic risk.

Lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Minthostachys verticillata essential oil: studies in vitro and in vivo.

Minthostachys verticillata (peperina) is an aromatic and medicinal plant with several uses and ethnobotanical properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that its essential oil (Mv-EO) presents antimicrobial capacity and shows immunomodulating and anti-allergic properties in human cell lines. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the main chemical composition, analyzed by GC-FID, and the cyto-genotoxic effects of Mv-EO, using Vero cells, human PBMCs and mice bone marrow cells. The Mv-EO was rich in pulegone 60.5% and menthone 18.2%. Our results clearly show that Mv-EO is not cyto-genotoxic in vitro nor in vivo. It not induced cytotoxic effects, as indicated by trypan blue dye exclusion and NRU assays both in Vero cells and human PBMCs. In addition, Mv-EO (100-1000 µg/mL) not induced apoptotic effects on human PBMCs, as indicated by Hoechst staining and DNA fragmentation analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis. The in vivo assay showed that Mv-EO (25-500 mg/kg) not increased the frequency of micronucleus in bone marrow cells of mice. Further, the ratio of polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocytes was not modified. These findings suggest that Mv-EO appears to be safe as a therapeutic agent.

Antiviral effect and mode of action of methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus L. on pseudorabies virus (strain RC/79).

The methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus was evaluated for its antiviral activity against the pseudorabies virus strain RC/79 (PrV), and also for its cytotoxic activity on Vero cells. The extract showed CC50 values of 1100 µg mL⁻¹ and 1426 µg mL⁻¹ by NRU and MTT assays, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration of the extract for PrV plaque formation was determined at 35 µg mL⁻¹, and selectivity indices were 31.4 (NRU) and 40.7 (MTT). When cells were pre-treated with the extract prior to virus infection, the inhibition in plaque formation was 70%. PrV was highly inhibited when it was incubated with plant extract or when the extract was added during the adsorption phase (99%). However, no inhibitory effect was observed when the extract was added to the cells after the adsorption period. Thus, these results suggest that the methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus may contain bioactive compound(s) that affect PrV mostly in the adsorption phase.

Evaluation of antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from Achyrocline satureioides against Western equine encephalitis virus.

Achyrocline satureioides (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Argentina for the treatment of intestinal infections and various digestive disorders. Its infusion is widely utilised for respiratory problems and viral infections. The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity, virucidal and antiviral properties of the cold aqueous extract (CAE) and hot aqueous extract (HAE) of this plant against Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Cytotoxicity in Vero cells was evaluated by maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (MNCC), neutral red (NR) uptake and MTT reduction methods. To study the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts, plaque reduction assay was performed after pre-treatment of host cells, adsorption, penetration and post-penetration of the virus. Extracellular virus inactivation was also analysed by the same method. Extracts showed strong inhibitory activity after virus penetration with selective index values of 32 (NR) and 63.3 (MTT) for the CAE, and 16.2 (NR) and 24.3 (MTT) for the HAE. Both extracts exhibited virucidal action with lower efficacy than their antiviral properties. The present results demonstrate that aqueous extracts of A. satureioides are active against WEEV. Further studies are needed in order to identify which compounds could be responsible for this effect, and how they exert antiviral action.

Apoptosis and mutagenicity induction by a characterized aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae) on normal cells.

In a previous study we have demonstrated that cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) induced the death of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and exerted low mutagenic effects on mice at 6h after administration. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the PBMCs death induced by Ba-CAE is due to apoptosis, and whether this extract exerts mutagenic effects on mice at 24 and 48h after administration. In addition, Ba-CAE was chemically characterized. PBMCs from healthy volunteers were exposed to extract (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280µg/mL) for 18-24h. Cell viability was determined by staining of trypan blue dye exclusion method. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33258 staining, TUNEL, and DNA fragmentation analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis. BALB/c mice were injected with extract (1800, 900 and 450mg/kg) and sacrificed at 24 and 48h postinjection. Bone marrow samples were used to assess chromosome mutations by the micronucleus test. The extract induced PBMCs death by apoptosis and increased the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow. The phytochemical study of Ba-CAE showed the presence of flavones as luteolin and acacetin, caffeoylquinic acids as chlorogenic acid, and tannins.

Genotoxic evaluation of a methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus using micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow.

Verbascum thapsus L. is a medicinal plant and has been used to treat numerous pulmonary diseases, asthma, inflammatory disease, spasmodic coughs and migraine headaches. Several studies have demonstrated that different extracts of V. thapsus present antimicrobial activity. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of a methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus, using micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow. No toxicity in bone marrow was detected in the extract-treated groups. The methanolic extract of V. thapsus at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, did not produce a significant increase in the frequency of MNPCE in bone marrow and neither altered the relationship PCE/NCE respect to negative control. These cytogenotoxic findings contribute the preclinical knowledge of methanolic extract of V. thapsus and provide security in its use as herbal medicine.

Monoterpenes isolated from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling essential oil modulates immediate-type hypersensitivity responses in vitro and in vivo.

In a previous work, we have demonstrated that Minthostachys verticillata essential oil has immunomodulatory effects in vitro on cells from allergic patients. Here we characterized main components of M. verticillata essential oil and also tested if these compounds modulate In vitro and in vivo the immediate-type allergic reaction. Gas chromatography was used to identify main components of the essential oil. Pulegone (63.4 %), menthone (15.9 %), and limonene (2.1 %) were found as main classes. IL-13 levels were evaluated from lymphocytes cultures stimulated with allergen alone or combined with monoterpenes. All compounds stimulated cell proliferation but, interestingly, promoted a reduction of IL-13 values, limonene and the mixture of the three compounds being the most active. ß-Hexosaminidase release was determined from basophils to which essential oil or monoterpenes were added. We observed that, whichever combination of monoterpenes was used, ß-hexosaminidase release was diminished in all cases. Obtained values were even lower than those of antiallergic drug desloratadine. Essential oil and limonene inhibited mast cell activation and degranulation in the skin when testing passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, limonene being the most active. In conclusion, limonene was the compound that showed the most potent immunomodulatory activity. This fact suggests that it constitutes a promising natural alternative for a novel treatment of allergic diseases.

Lucilia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), una nueva alternativa para la terapia larval y reporte de casos en Colombia / Lucilia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a new alternative for maggot therapy: case series report

La terapia larval es utilizada desde los años 30 del siglo pasado para la remoción del tejido necrótico en el tratamiento de úlceras crónicas infectadas logrando con ello promover la formación de tejido granuloso para el crecimiento de piel sana; especialmente a partir de la aparición de la resistencia a los antibióticos se la reconoce como una alternativa eficaz. Se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de la terapia larval en 42 pacientes con úlceras de diferentes orígenes, utilizando, como una nueva alternativa en larviterapia, la especie Lucilia eximia. Se presenta documentación fotográfica de la aplicación de esta terapia en cuatro casos.

Larval therapy is used in the treatment of infected chronic wounds by allowing the removal ofnecrotic tissue, which induces the formation of granular tissue and the growth of healthy skin.Considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, this type of therapy may be an effectivealternative in the management of infected chronic wounds. In this article we report the use ofmaggot therapy using the Lucilia eximia species in 42 patients with chronic skin wounds associatedto different pathologies including: venous and arterial ulcers, diabetic foot, sickle cell disease,vasculopathy, elephantiasis, Berger disease, pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), traumatic wounds, erysipelas, and hospital acquired infections. Four cases are depicted photographically.

Revascularización Percutánea con Stents de las Arterias Renales en pacientes con hipertensión y/o nefropatía isquémica / Stents percutaneous revascularization of the renal artery in patients with hypertension and/or ischemic nephropathy

Introducción: La angioplastia con balón de las lesiones ateroscleróticas renales es un procedimiento que se asocia a un bajo índice de éxito inicial y una incidencia prohibitiva de reestenosis. Los stents teóricamente corrigen estas limitaciones. El propósito de este trabajo fue determinar la eficacia de los stents en el manejo de las lesiones aorto-ostiales en las arterias renales. Materiales y Métodos: Entre junio de 1996 a agosto de 2001 se implantaron 96 stents tubulares en 79 pacientes con lesiones ateroscleroticas aorto-ostiales renales por vía femoral o braquial. Siete pacientes requirieron stent renal bilateral. Se indicó el procedimiento a los pacientes con lesiones = 70 por ciento en presencia de Hipertensión arterial (69 por ciento), o creatinina = 1.5 mg/d (31 por ciento). Antes del tratamiento todos los pacientes recibieron aspirina, y el 70 por ciento tienopiridinas. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 70 anos ± 10 anos. El 54 por ciento son de sexo femenino. Las patologías asociadas fueron-. Hipertensión (85 por ciento), Enfermedad Coronaria (44 por ciento), enfermedad arterial oclusiva de miembros inferiores (38 por ciento), aneurisma de aorta abdominal (13 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus (10 por ciento). Posterior a la implantación del stent el diámetro luminal mínimo aumento de 2.25 ± 0.54 mm a 5.29±0.54 mm (p< 0.001), y el porcentaje de diámetro de estenosis disminuyo del 83±5.4 por ciento al 6.5± 13.2 por ciento [p< 0.001). Conclusiones: La angioplastia percutánea con stents parece ser una excelente alternativa de revascularización en pacientes con lesiones aorto-ostiales de las arterias renales. Este tipo de intervención se asocia a un riesgo de complicaciones y muerte muy bajo (<2 por ciento), y a una probabilidad de éxito mayor del 95 por ciento...

Estenosis múltiples de las arterias pulmonares segmentarias: Reporte de un caso / Segmental pulmonary arterial multiple stenosis: one case report

Se describe el caso clínico y el manejo de una paciente de 14 años con diagnóstico de hipertensión pulmonar severa, secundaria a estenosis de las arterias pulmonares segmentarias u subsegmentarias...