Effect of pH Hydrolysis on the Recovery of Antimony from Spent Electrolytes from Copper Production.

This study examined how pH hydrolysis affects the recovery process for antimony extracted from spent electrolytes. Various OH- reagents were used to adjust the pH levels. The findings reveal that pH plays a crucial role in determining the optimal conditions for extracting antimony. The results show that NH4OH and NaOH are more effective compared to water, with optimal conditions at pH 0.5 for water and pH 1 for NH4OH and NaOH, resulting in average antimony extraction yields of 90.4%, 96.1%, and 96.7%, respectively. Furthermore, this approach helps to improve both crystallography and purity related to recovered antimony samples obtained through recycling processes. The solid precipitates obtained lack a crystalline structure, making it difficult to identify the compounds formed, but element concentrations suggest the presence of oxychloride or oxide compounds. Arsenic is incorporated into all solids, affecting the purity of the product, and water showing higher antimony content (68.38%) and lower arsenic values (8%) compared to NaOH and NH4OH. Bismuth integration into solids is less than arsenic (less than 2%) and remains unaffected by pH levels except in tests with water, where a bismuth hydrolysis product is identified at pH 1, accounting for the observed reduction in antimony extraction yields.

Utilización de la tecnología láser en el tratamiento de las estenosis ureterointestinales / The use of laser technology for the treatment of ureterointestinal stenosis

Las estenosis ureterointestinales representan un problema importante en los pacientes sometidos a una cistectomía radical y una derivación urinaria utilizando segmento intestinal, bien sea éste intestino delgado o grueso. Con la incorporación de la tecnología láser en la urología, se han abierto unas posibilidades terapéuticas para la sección de estas estenosis ureterointestinales. Se han empleado distintos tipos de láser para realizar la incisión que son el Nd:YAD, el KTP:YAG, el Ho: YAG, el Er:YAG y el Th:YAG. La experiencia es limitada con respecto a su uso y los resultados no conllevan orientaciones terapéuticas claras. La sección de las estenosis ureterointestinales mediante el láser tiene ventajas e inconvenientes, pero la aplicación de esta fuente de energía junto con distintas técnicas de sección endoscópica, como la técnica de endoureterotomía mediante invaginación endoluminal de F. Lovaco proporciona unos resultados satisfactorios a cortomedio plazo (AU)

Objectives: Ureteral-intestinal anastomosis represent an important problem in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion using intestinal segments, either small or large intestine. With the incorporation of laser technology in urology, new therapeutic possibilities have been opened for the section of these ureteral intestinal stenosis. Various types of laser had been employed to perform the incision, Nd:YAG, KTP:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, and Th:YAG. The experience is limited in terms of use and results don't give clear therapeutic orientation. The section of ureteral-intestinal stenosis with laser has advantages and disadvantages, but the application of this energy source with various techniques of endoscopic section, such as the Lovaco's technique of endoluminal invagination and endoureterotomy gives satisfactory results in the short-midterm (AU)

[The use of laser technology for the treatment of ureterointestinal stenosis]. / Utilización de la tecnología láser en el tratamiento de las estenosis ureterointestinales.

OBJECTIVES: Ureteral-intestinal anastomosis represent on important problem in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion using intestinal segments, either small or large intestine. With the incorporation of laser technology in urology, new therapeutic possibilities have been opened for the section of these ureteral intestinal stenosis. Various types of laser had been employed to perform the incision, Nd:YAG, KTP:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, and Th:YAG. The experience is limited in terms of use and results don't give clear therapeutic orientation. The section of ureteral-intestinal stenosis with laser has advantages and disadvantages, but the application of this energy source with various techniques of endoscopic section, such as the Lovaco's technique of endoluminal invagination and endoureterotomy gives satisfactory results in the short-midterm.

Tasa de dependencia de la población española no institucionalizada y criterios de valoración de la severidad / Dependency Rate among Spain's Non-Institutionalized Population and Criteria for Evaluating Severity

Fundamento: El criterio de valoración del grado de severidad dela dependencia influye en la estimación de los costes de los serviciosde cuidados de larga duración, especialmente en la población de 65 ymás años. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias en latasa de dependencia en personas con discapacidades de carácter permanentedependiendo del criterio de severidad utilizado.Métodos: Se utilizan los datos de la Encuesta sobre Discapacidades,Deficiencias y Estado de Salud recogidos por el InstitutoNacional de Estadística en 1999. Se comparan dos criterios de valoraciónde la severidad de las discapacidades padecidas por un individuo.Se ajusta el logaritmo de las tasas de prevalencia por edad, paracada sexo y se contrasta estadísticamente la existencia de diferenciassignificativas entre los criterios a partir de intervalos de confianza al95%.Resultados: El criterio basado en la máxima severidad (empleadopor el Instituto Nacional de Estadística) infravalora entre 10%-25% el grado de dependencia absoluto medido por el criterio alternativo, sobrevalorando hasta un 25% los grados de dependenciamoderados a partir de los 65 años. En la población masculina esemismo criterio produce una infravaloración del 10% en la dependenciagrave a partir de los 95 años.Conclusiones: El criterio de máxima severidad utilizado por elInstituto Nacional de Estadística infravalora la tasa de dependenciamás grave, especialmente a partir de los 80 años

Background: The criteria for evaluating the degree of severityof dependence has an impact on estimating the costs of the long termcare services, especially among the population over 65 yearsof age. The sensitivity of the dependency rate must be analyzed inview of different definitions of seriousness, whether by the maximumseverity observed in the disability in activities of daily livingor by the number and severity of all these disabilities.Methods: The data from the Disability, Deficiency and HealthCondition Survey conducted by the Spanish National Institute ofStatistics in 1999 are used. A comparison is drawn between two criteriafor evaluating the severity of an individual's disabilities.Models are made with the logarithms of the prevalence rates by age,for each sex, a comparison of the existence of significant differencesbetween these criteria being drawn based on 95% confidence intervals.Results: The criterion based on the maximum severity (employedby the Spanish National Institute of Statistics) underestimatesthe degree of total dependency measured by the alternative criterionby 10%-25%, overestimating the degrees of moderate dependency asof age 65 by up to 25%. Among the male population, this same criteriongives rise the medium dependency as of age 95 being underestimatedby 10%.Conclusions: The maximum severity criterion employed by theSpanish National Institute of Statistics underestimates the mostserious dependency rate, especially as of 80 years of age

[Dependency Rate among Spain's Non-Institutionalized Population and Criteria for Evaluating Severity]. / Tasa de dependencia de la población españolano institucionalizada y criterios de valoración de la severidad.

OBJECTIVE: The criteria for evaluating the degree of severity of dependence has an impact on estimating the costs of the longterm care services, especially among the population over 65 years of age. The sensitivity of the dependency rate must be analyzed in view of different definitions of seriousness, whether by the maximum severity observed in the disability in activities of daily living or by the number and severity of all these disabilities. METHODS: The data from the Disability, Deficiency and HealthCondition Survey conducted by the Spanish National Institute ofStatistics in 1999 are used. A comparison is drawn between two criteriafor evaluating the severity of an individual's disabilities.Models are made with the logarithms of the prevalence rates by age,for each sex, a comparison of the existence of significant differencesbetween these criteria being drawn based on 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The criterion based on the maximum severity (employed by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics) underestimates the degree of total dependency measured by the alternative criterion by 10%-25%, overestimating the degrees of moderate dependency as of age 65 by up to 25%. Among the male population, this same criterion gives rise the medium dependency as of age 95 being underestimated by 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum severity criterion employed by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics underestimates the most serious dependency rate, especially as of 80 years of age.

OBJETIVO: El criterio de valoración del grado de severidad de la dependencia influye en la estimación de los costes de los servicios de cuidados de larga duración, especialmente en la población de 65 y más años. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias en la tasa de dependencia en personas con discapacidades de carácter permanente dependiendo del criterio de severidad utilizado. METODOS: Se utilizan los datos de la Encuesta sobre Discapacidades,Deficiencias y Estado de Salud recogidos por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística en 1999. Se comparan dos criterios de valoración de la severidad de las discapacidades padecidas por un individuo. Se ajusta el logaritmo de las tasas de prevalencia por edad, para cada sexo y se contrasta estadísticamente la existencia de diferencias significativas entre los criterios a partir de intervalos de confianza al 95. RESULTADOS: El criterio basado en la máxima severidad (empleado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística) infravalora entre 10%-25% el grado de dependencia absoluto medido por el criterio alternativo, sobrevalorando hasta un 25% los grados de dependencia moderados a partir de los 65 años. En la población masculina ese mismo criterio produce una infravaloración del 10% en la dependencia grave a partir de los 95 años. CONCLUSIONES: El criterio de máxima severidad utilizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística infravalora la tasa de dependencia más grave, especialmente a partir de los 80 años.