Mucosal immune responses in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles after Tenacibaculum maritimum challenge: A comparative study between ocular and blind sides.

Most pathogens start the process of infection at the mucosal surfaces and therefore the mucosal immune response plays an essential role in the course of the infection. Due to the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) condition of flatfish, the present comparative study aimed to analyse several immune-related enzymes as well as the bactericidal activity in the skin mucus from ocular and blind sides. For this purpose, Senegalese sole juveniles were bath challenged with a sub-lethal dose of Tenacibaculum maritimum for 24 h and sampled at 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The haematological profile and immune-related parameters were also measured in plasma in order to evaluate the systemic immune response after T. maritimum challenge. Results from this study showed that most parameters tested increased in skin mucus of bath challenged fish compared to unchallenged ones. In contrast, the sub-lethal dose tested did not influence the haematological profile including peripheral numbers the different leucocyte types. No variations were observed in plasma lysozyme, peroxidase, protease and haemolytic complement activities between unchallenged and bath challenged fish. This study suggests that the studied innate immune-related molecules are constitutively present in both skin mucus sides but at different levels. Interestingly, the levels of most parameters measured were higher on the ocular side than on the blind side, possibly due to the higher exposure to invasion by waterborne microorganisms on this side. Therefore, the present study brings some insights regarding local immune responses after bacterial challenge in skin mucus from the ocular and blind sides in one of the most valuable flatfish species in southern Europe.

DNA microarray analysis of the cyanotroph Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 in response to nitrogen starvation, cyanide and a jewelry wastewater.

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 is an alkaliphilic bacterium that can use cyanide as nitrogen source for growth, becoming a suitable candidate to be applied in biological treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters. The assessment of the whole genome sequence of the strain CECT5344 has allowed the generation of DNA microarrays to analyze the response to different nitrogen sources. The mRNA of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 cells grown under nitrogen limiting conditions showed considerable changes when compared against the transcripts from cells grown with ammonium; up-regulated genes were, among others, the glnK gene encoding the nitrogen regulatory protein PII, the two-component ntrBC system involved in global nitrogen regulation, and the ammonium transporter-encoding amtB gene. The protein coding transcripts of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 cells grown with sodium cyanide or an industrial jewelry wastewater that contains high concentration of cyanide and metals like iron, copper and zinc, were also compared against the transcripts of cells grown with ammonium as nitrogen source. This analysis revealed the induction by cyanide and the cyanide-rich wastewater of four nitrilase-encoding genes, including the nitC gene that is essential for cyanide assimilation, the cyanase cynS gene involved in cyanate assimilation, the cioAB genes required for the cyanide-insensitive respiration, and the ahpC gene coding for an alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase that could be related with iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. The nitC and cynS genes were also induced in cells grown under nitrogen starvation conditions. In cells grown with the jewelry wastewater, a malate quinone:oxidoreductase mqoB gene and several genes coding for metal extrusion systems were specifically induced.

[Practice guidelines of the Spanish Society of Cardiology on endocarditis]. / Guías de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en endocarditis.

Infectious endocarditis is a disease which mainly involves the cardiac valves. It has a bad prognosis and is caused by a great variety of microorganisms. Prophylaxis is important although the effectiveness and the best way to achieve it remain unclear. Recommendations are herein presented. The diagnosis is based on clinical, bacteriological, and echocardiographic findings mainly based on Duke's criteria. Transthoracic and transesophageal echography are not only of diagnostic value but are also a tool to determine the therapy to follow. Antibiotic therapy should be selected according to the organisms isolated and their in vitro susceptibility. Guidelines for empirical antibiotic therapy in cases of negative cultures are also included. Lastly, indications and time for surgery are discussed.

[Prune-belly syndrome in a female]. / Síndrome de "prune-belly", femenino.

Authors describe a case of newborn whose malformations of genitourinary tract of abdominal muscles deficiency and renal dysplasia make it very compatible with Prune-Belly Syndrome. The case it is exceptionally interesting because it is a female subject; and on the other hand because of its' associated malformations. The so debated pathogenic of the Syndrome is commented.

[Xanthine lithiasis in a case of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated with allopurinol]. / Litiasis xantínica en un caso de síndrome de Lesch-Nyham tratado con allopurinol.

Classically it is considered that vital prognosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome depends on renal affectation secondary to uric nephropathy. A case of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated with Allopurinol is described which presented multiple and bilateral renal stones by precipitation of xanthine. Treatment with Allopurinol inhibits the formation of uric acid and qualitatively renal excretion of oxypurines modifies. In special circumstances (disminution of urinary output and pH), they can precipitate and originate a radiotransparent lithiasis with uric lithiasis. Interest of this case, lies in being alert to possible xanthine stone formation in patients with a large excretion of purinics metabolites, who are treated with Allopurinol.

[Chronic renal insufficiency secondary to infectious mononucleosis]. / Insuficiencia renal crónica secundaria a mononucleosis infecciosa.

This report describes the first pediatric case of chronic renal failure as a complication of infectious mononucleosis in a 3 1/2 year old girl. The clinical features were marked at onset by proteinuria and later by nephrotic syndrome. The evolution to chronic renal failure took about two years. In the renal biopsy, lesions characteristic of interstitial nephritis were observed, associated with focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis and deposits of C3 in granular and discontinued form. Renal participation in infectious mononucleosis is not unusual and fundamentally it is manifested by proteinuria and abnormalities of urinary sediment, with interstitial nephritis as a characteristic lesion in the renal biopsy.