Lipid peroxidation as measured by chromatographic determination of malondialdehyde. Human plasma reference values in health and disease.

Free radicals and oxidants are involved in physiological signaling pathways, although an imbalance between pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant systems in favor of the former leads to major biomolecular damage. This is the so-called oxidative stress, a complex process that affects us all and is responsible for the development of many diseases. Lipids are very sensitive to oxidant attack and to-date, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and F2-isoprostane are the main biomarkers for lipid peroxidation assessment. They all derive from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) either by enzyme-catalyzed reactions (physiological) or by non-enzyme reactions (pathological). The profile of PUFAs present in the tissue will determine the proportion of each biomarker. In this review we aim to discuss the proper method for MDA determination using HPLC. We also offer reference MDA values in humans in physiological and pathological conditions.

Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las alteraciones cognitivas y el estrés oxidativo en un modelo transgénico APP/PSN1 para la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Effects of physical exercise on cognitive alterations and oxidative stress in an APP/PSN1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease

Introducción. Los efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio físico, tanto en el tratamiento como en la prevención de distintas enfermedades, han sido ampliamente establecidos. La demencia más frecuente, la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno donde el ejercicio ha demostrado causar notables mejoras fisiopatológicas y cognitivas. En el presente trabajo estudiamos el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre el estrés oxidativo y la cognición en el modelo murino doble transgénico (2×Tg) para la EA, APP/PSN1, basado fundamentalmente en la deposición cerebral de placas de Beta-amiloide. Material y métodos. Dieciocho ratones de 10 meses de edad fueron divididos en 4 grupos experimentales: 2×Tg entrenado (2×Tg-E) (n=5), 2×Tg reposo (2×Tg-R) (n=5), control entrenado (Control-E) (n=4) y control reposo (Control-R) (n=4). El entrenamiento de 12 semanas, fue forzado en tapiz rodante (3 días a la semana) combinado con carrera espontánea. Los animales fueron evaluados mediante test físicos y cognitivos antes y después del entrenamiento. Se analizaron los parámetros del daño oxidativo y las enzimas antioxidantes a nivel cortical y sistémico. Resultados. Los ratones 2×Tg-R mostraron una disminución con el tiempo en la fuerza de agarre y el VO2máx, que se previno con el entrenamiento. El grupo 2×Tg-E demostró mejor memoria que el 2×Tg-R. Los grupos entrenados evidenciaron mayor capacidad exploratoria y menor ansiedad que los que mantuvieron reposo. El daño oxidativo sistémico se mostró ligeramente disminuido en los 2×Tg, aunque no encontramos diferencias en cuanto a lipoperoxidación, ni en la defensa antioxidante, a nivel cerebral entre los distintos grupos. Conclusiones. El ejercicio físico produce mejoras en la fuerza de agarre, VO2máx, cognición y memoria de los ratones 2×Tg. Estas mejoras no están relacionadas con modificaciones significativas en la defensa antioxidante o un menor daño oxidativo causado por el ejercicio(AU)

Introduction. The beneficial effects of physical exercise, in both the treatment and the prevention of several diseases, have been extensively demonstrated. The most common dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a disorder in which exercise induces significant improvement at pathophysiopathological and cognitive levels. In the present work, we studied the relationship between physical exercise, oxidative stress, and cognition in the double transgenic mice model (2×Tg) for AD, APP/PSN1. This model is mainly based on the cerebral deposition of amyloid Beta plaques. Material and methods. Eighteen ten-month-old mice were divided into four experimental groups: exercised 2×Tg (2×Tg-E) (n=5), rested 2×Tg (2×Tg-R) (n=5), exercised controls (control-E) (n=4) and rested controls (control-R) (n=4). We trained the animals for twelve weeks with a combination of forced exercise (treadmill running three days/week) and spontaneous wheel running. The animals were evaluated with physical and cognitive tests before and after the training period. We analyzed systemic and cortical oxidative damage and the induction of antioxidant enzymes. Results. The 2×Tg-R mice showed a decrease in their grip strength and VO2max as they grew older which was prevented by training. The 2×Tg-E group showed better memory than the 2×Tg-R animals. All the trained groups demonstrated greater exploratory capacity and less anxiety than the sedentary animals. Systemic oxidative damage was slightly decreased in the 2×Tg, although we found no difference in the lipoperoxidation and in the induction of the antioxidant defense in cortex between groups. Conclusions. Physical exercise leads to improvements in the grip strength, VO2max, cognition, and memory in 2×Tg mice. These improvements are not significantly related to changes in the antioxidant defenses or a reduction in the oxidative damage brought about by exercise(AU)

[Effects of physical exercise on cognitive alterations and oxidative stress in an APP/PSN1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease]. / Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las alteraciones cognitivas y el estrés oxidativo en un modelo transgénico APP/PSN1 para la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION: The beneficial effects of physical exercise, in both the treatment and the prevention of several diseases, have been extensively demonstrated. The most common dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a disorder in which exercise induces significant improvement at pathophysiopathological and cognitive levels. In the present work, we studied the relationship between physical exercise, oxidative stress, and cognition in the double transgenic mice model (2×Tg) for AD, APP/PSN1. This model is mainly based on the cerebral deposition of amyloid ß plaques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen ten-month-old mice were divided into four experimental groups: exercised 2×Tg (2×Tg-E) (n=5), rested 2×Tg (2×Tg-R) (n=5), exercised controls (control-E) (n=4) and rested controls (control-R) (n=4). We trained the animals for twelve weeks with a combination of forced exercise (treadmill running three days/week) and spontaneous wheel running. The animals were evaluated with physical and cognitive tests before and after the training period. We analyzed systemic and cortical oxidative damage and the induction of antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS: The 2×Tg-R mice showed a decrease in their grip strength and VO(2max) as they grew older which was prevented by training. The 2×Tg-E group showed better memory than the 2×Tg-R animals. All the trained groups demonstrated greater exploratory capacity and less anxiety than the sedentary animals. Systemic oxidative damage was slightly decreased in the 2×Tg, although we found no difference in the lipoperoxidation and in the induction of the antioxidant defense in cortex between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise leads to improvements in the grip strength, VO(2max), cognition, and memory in 2×Tg mice. These improvements are not significantly related to changes in the antioxidant defenses or a reduction in the oxidative damage brought about by exercise.