Prevención de la tendinopatía rotuliana con ejercicios excéntricos en deportistas / Patellar tendinopathy prevention in athletes with eccentric exercise

Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento excéntrico sobre la morfología del tendón rotuliano. Material y método: Estudio experimental con pre y pos-test y grupo control. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 85 sujetos deportistas; 25 jugadores de baloncesto (BC) y 60 estudiantes de educación física (CAFD) que practican ejercicio físico regulado, mínimo 3 veces por semana. El entrenamiento excéntrico llevado a cabo en ambos grupos tuvo una duración de 12 semanas entre una valoración ecográfica inicial y la final. En el grupo formado por los estudiantes de CAFD se incrementó la carga de forma progresiva que no varió en el grupo de BC. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la interacción del momento de la medida y el grupo. Las mediciones ecográficas aumentaron de forma significativa (p<0.001) en el grupo CAFD. El grupo experimental BC no mostró cambios, y en el grupo control obtuvo menores longitudes en el post test (p<0.05). La anchura aumentó en el grupo experimental CAFD (p<0.001) y en el grupo experimental BC (p=0.042). Conclusión: El entrenamiento excéntrico provoca una hipertrofia sobre el tendón en pacientes sin tendinopatía rotuliana. Estas mejoras deben basarse sobre una correcta progresión de la carga de trabajo y prestando atención de forma individualizada a cada sujeto (AU)

Objetive: The aim of this study is to know the effect of different eccentric exercises programs in the morphology of the patellar tendon. Methods: This is an experimental study. Eighty-five athletes were included: 25 college basketball players (GBC) and 60 college students (GCAFD) with regular sport activity (at least 3 times/week). A 12-weeks eccentric exercise program was performed. Morphology of patellar tendon was seen with ultrasound both at the beginning and at the end of the program. The difference between both groups was that in the GCAFD program, strength increased progressively, meanwhile in the GBC group it was the same during the whole 12 weeks. Results: Both tendon diameters increased with the program in the experimental GCAFD (p<0.001) versus control group. The GBC showed no changes between both experimental and control group in APLONG and APTRANS, but these parameters were lower in post-test measurement in the control group (p<0.05). LATMED increased in both experimental groups, GCAFD (p<0.001) and GBC (p=0.042). Conclusion: In athletes without patellar tendinopathy, tendon hypertrophy is seen after a program of eccentric exercises, with increase in both anteroposterior and medial lateral diameter. An individualized program must be designed to achieve these results after the exercises (AU)

Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations using stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge.

Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations (up to 4,000 mg/l, 1,600 kg/ha.d) in laboratory-scale stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge was studied. Phenol was biodegraded efficiently, even when fed as the sole carbon source. At influent concentrations of 1,000, 1,300, 1,600, 1,900, 2,500, 3,000 and 4,000 mg/l of phenol (loading rates of 400, 520, 640, 760, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,600 kg phenol/ha.d), the phenol removal efficiencies were 92, 89, 81, 81, 76, 65 and 22%, respectively. At 4,000 mg/l of phenol, the enriched ponds were significantly inhibited. The maximum phenol removal rate observed was 780 kg/ha.d, which is 7.7 times higher than the maximum value reported for attached-growth waste stabilisation ponds. All along the experiments, the enriched ponds showed removal rates 1.8-20.5 times higher than the values observed in control pond (not enriched). The results suggest that enrichment is an effective method to increase xenobiotic removal rates of stabilisation ponds.

Encuesta sobre el déficit de anestesiólogos en cataluña y análisis de la situación realizada por 47 jefes de servicio / Survey on shortage of anasthesiologists in Catalonia and assessment carried out by 47 chiefs of anesthesiology services

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Cruciform-extruding regulatory element controls cell-specific activity of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is expressed specifically in catecholaminergic cells. We have identified a novel regulatory sequence in the upstream region of the bovine TH gene promoter formed by a dyad symmetry element (DSE1;-352/-307 bp). DSE1 supports TH promoter activity in TH-expressing bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin (BAMC) cells and inhibits promoter activity in non-expressing TE671 cells. DNase I footprinting of relaxed TH promoter DNA showed weak binding of nuclear BAMC cell proteins to a short sequence in the right DSE1 arm. In BAMC cells, deletion of the right arm markedly reduced the expression of luciferase from the TH promoter. However, deletion of the left DSE1 arm or its reversed orientation (RevL) also inactivated the TH promoter. In supercoiled TH promoter, DSE1 assumes a cruciform-like conformation i.e., it binds cruciform-specific 2D3 antibody, and S1 nuclease-cleavage and OsO4-modification assays have identified an imperfect cruciform extruded by the DSE1. DNase I footprinting of supercoiled plasmid showed that cruciformed DSE1 is targeted by nuclear proteins more efficiently than the linear duplex isomer and that the protected site encompasses the left arm and center of DSE1. Our results suggest that the disruption of intrastrand base-pairing preventing cruciform formation and protein binding to DSE1 is responsible for its inactivation in DSE1 mutants. DSE1 cruciform may act as a target site for activator (BAMC cells) and repressor (TE671) proteins. Its extrusion emerges as a novel mechanism that controls cell-specific promoter activity.

The roles of CRE, TRE, and TRE-adjacent S1 nuclease sensitive element in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter activity by angiotensin II.

The cis elements mediating activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by angiotensin II were examined by transfecting tyrosine hydroxylase promoter-luciferase constructs into cultured bone adrenal medullary cells. Angiotensin II-responsive elements are located within -54/+25-bp and -269/-55-bp promoter regions and were identified, respectively, as cyclic AMP (CRE)- and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate responsive element (TRE)-like sequences. Unlike CRE, TRE also supports basal promoter activity. Mutations of TRE or CRE that reduced angiotensin II stimulation abolished in vitro binding of nuclear proteins to those elements, suggesting that proteins forming CRE- and TRE-inducible complexes may mediate angiotensin II stimulation. The TRE is adjacent to a dyad symmetry element. Those two sites form a common regulatory unit in which the dyad symmetry element acts as a repressor of the TRE site. Isolated dyad symmetry element did not bind nuclear proteins in vitro. In supercoiled DNA it exhibited S1 nuclease sensitivity and was recognized by a DNA cruciform-specific antibody consistent with the extrusion of a cruciform structure that overlaps with the TRE. A mutation that abolished formation of the cruciform correlated with a loss of repressor activity. We propose a novel model of tyrosine hydroxylase gene regulation in which functions of the TRE are modulated via structural transition in the adjacent DNA.

Loop diuretics for chronic renal insufficiency: a continuous infusion is more efficacious than bolus therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a continuous, low-dose infusion of a loop diuretic is more efficacious and better tolerated than conventional intermittent bolus therapy in patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). DESIGN: Randomized, crossover clinical trial with subjects serving as their own controls. SETTING: The General Clinical Research Center of Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana. PATIENTS: Eight adult volunteers with severe stable CRI (mean creatinine clearance, 0.28 mL/s; range, 0.15 to 0.47 mL/s) were recruited from the outpatient nephrology clinics of Indiana University Medical Center. INTERVENTIONS: On admission, diuretic drugs were withdrawn and patients were equilibrated on an 80 mmol/d sodium, 60 mmol/d potassium metabolic diet. Patients were randomized to receive a 12-mg intravenous dose of bumetanide given either as two 6-mg bolus doses separated by 6 hours or as the same total dose administered as a 12-hour continuous infusion. When sodium balance was re-established, each patient was crossed over to the alternative study limb. All patients completed both phases of the study. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Comparable amounts of bumetanide appeared in the urine during the study period (infusion, 912 +/- 428 micrograms; bolus, 944 +/- 421 micrograms; difference, 32 micrograms; 95% CI, -16 micrograms to 80 micrograms, P = 0.16). The continuous infusion resulted in significantly greater net sodium excretion (infusion, 236 +/- 77 mmol; bolus, 188 +/- 50 mmol; difference, 48 mmol; CI, 16 mmol to 80 mmol, P = 0.01). No patient had episodes of drug-induced myalgias during the continuous infusion compared with 3 of 8 patients with bolus therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe CRI, a continuous intravenous infusion of bumetanide is more effective and less toxic than conventional intermittent bolus therapy. Continuous administration will probably be useful in patients with severe CRI who have not achieved an adequate natriuresis or who show evidence of drug toxicity with standard diuretic dosing regimens. A similar benefit may occur in selected diuretic-resistant patients with cardiac or hepatic disease, and studies in these patients seem warranted.