Correction: In vitro analysis of partially hydrolyzed guar gum fermentation differences between six individuals.

Correction for 'In vitro analysis of partially hydrolyzed guar gum fermentation differences between six individuals' by Justin Carlson, et al., Food Funct., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01232e.

In vitro analysis of partially hydrolyzed guar gum fermentation differences between six individuals.

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a fermentable, soluble, non-gelling fiber consumed as both a supplement and ingredient. PHGG supports bifidogenic and lactogenic growth, and increases the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the distal intestine due to its fermentability. Changes in SCFA development due to the fermentation of dietary fibers in the colon have been widely studied, but there are limited studies analyzing the differences in SCFA development across multiple individuals (ages 23-68) exposed to the same dietary fiber (PHGG). With the six donors analyzed in this study, gas production varied from 59-80 mL/0.5 g fiber at 12 h and 85-93 mL/0.5 g fiber at 24 h between the six donors. At 12 h butyrate concentrations varied from 6.99 µmol mL(-1) to 23.84 µmol mL(-1) and from 8.78 µmol mL(-1) to 22.84 µmol mL(-1) at 24 h. Total SCFA concentration at 24 h ranged from 42.85 µmol mL(-1) to 91.17 µmol mL(-1). The overall average SCFA ratio for the six fecal donors was 30 : 45 : 25 (acetate : propionate : butyrate), which is similar to other fermentable fibers analyzed using in vitro systems. SCFA development in the distal intestine increases the amount of metabolizable energy from the diet, but varies greatly among people based primarily on the composition and changes of their gut microflora. With over a 2-fold difference in SCFA production, significant differences were found among healthy individuals fecal microflora when exposed to PHGG. Donor 6 SCFA concentrations decreased at 24 h, indicating a quicker fermentation process than the other five donors. All SCFAs measured fluctuated greatly among the six individuals within 24 h of analysis. Results of in vitro fermentation analyses are limited by the wide variation found with fecal donor.

Longitudinal evidence on the association between interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with the loss of total appendicular skeletal muscle in free-living older men and women.

BACKGROUND: there is no longitudinal evidence about the association between the loss of total appendicular skeletal muscle (TASM) and cytokines. OBJECTIVE: to investigate whether high levels of the inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with the loss of TASM in free-living non-sarcopenic older people. DESIGN: five-year prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: one hundred and fifteen free-living non-sarcopenic older men and women aged 60-84 years at baseline and 5-year follow-up were included. METHODS: TASM was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the relative change in TASM was calculated. The response variable was the loss of TASM defined as the lowest sex-specific 15th percentile of the cohort distribution of percentage of change in TASM. The exposure variables were the baseline serum IL-6 and CRP levels measured by ELISA. RESULTS: sixteen subjects were below the sex-specific 15th percentile of the cohort. The mean absolute loss of TASM in these men and women subjects was 1.9 and 1.3 kg, respectively. The risk of loss TASM was 1.29 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.64) (P = 0.03) per unit of increase in IL-6 (pg/ml) and 1.28 times higher (95% CI, 1.04-1.58) (P = 0.01) per unit of increase in CRP (mg/l). As a categorical variable, the risk of loss TASM was 4.85 times higher (95% CI, 1.24-18.97) among subjects with serum IL-6 >2.71 pg/ml and 3.97 times higher (CI 95%, 1.09-14.39) among subjects with serum CRP >3.74 mg/l. These findings remained after adjusting for age, sex and 5-year weight change. CONCLUSIONS: inflammation is associated with the loss of TASM in free-living non-sarcopenic older men and women.

Could giardiasis be a risk factor for low zinc status in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico? A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Both giardiasis and zinc deficiency are serious health problems worldwide. In Mexico, the prevalence of G. intestinalis was estimated at 32% in 1994. It remains a health problem in northwestern Mexico. Recent surveys (1987, 1995, and 1999) reported zinc deficiency in the Mexican population. The association of giardiasis and malabsorption of micronutrients has been well documented, although the association with zinc remains controversial. This study investigated the association between giardiasis and zinc deficiency in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico. METHODS: We combined a cross-sectional design with a longitudinal follow-up six months after parasite treatment. The baseline sample consisted of 114 schoolchildren (mean age 8.8 yr) from seven suburban public schools, grouped as Giardia-free (n = 65, 57%) and Giardia-infected (n = 49, 43%). Three stool analyses per child were done using Faust's method. Children with giardiasis received secnidazole. Serum zinc was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Height and weight were measured. Socioeconomic information was obtained in an oral questionnaire, and daily zinc intake was assessed using 24 hour-recalls. Pearson's correlation and ANCOVA and paired t-test analyses were used to determine the association between giardiasis and zinc status. RESULTS: Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a significant increase of the mean serum zinc levels in the Giardia-infected group six months after treatment (13.78 vs. 19.24 mumol/L mumol/L; p = 0.001), although no difference was found between the Giardia-free and the Giardia-infected groups (p = 0.86) in the baseline analysis. Z scores for W/A and H/A were lower in the Giardia-infected than in the Giardia-free group (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in the socioeconomic characteristics and mean daily intakes of zinc between the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Giardiasis may be a risk factor for zinc deficiency in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico.

Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S.

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes and obesity have genetic and environmental determinants. We studied the effects of different environments on these diseases in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Adult Pima-Indian and non-Pima populations in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico were examined using oral glucose tolerance tests and assessments for obesity, physical activity, and other risk factors. Results were compared with those from Pima Indians in Arizona. Both Pima populations were typed for DNA polymorphisms to establish their genetic similarity. RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%). The prevalence of obesity was similar in the Mexican Pima Indians (7% in men and 20% in women) and non-Pima Mexicans (9% in men and 27% in women) but was much lower than in the U.S. Pima Indians. Levels of physical activity were much higher in both Mexican groups than in the U.S. Pima Indians. The two Pima groups share considerable genetic similarity relative to other Native Americans. CONCLUSIONS: The much lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians in Mexico than in the U.S. indicates that even in populations genetically prone to these conditions, their development is determined mostly by environmental circumstances, thereby suggesting that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable. This study provides compelling evidence that changes in lifestyle associated with Westernization play a major role in the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes.

Impact of lifestyle on prevalence of kidney disease in Pima Indians in Mexico and the United States.

Pima Indians in the United States and Mexico share a common genetic background but have very different lifestyles. Comparisons were made of the frequency of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease in these geographically separated but susceptible populations. Mexican Pimas had higher levels of physical activity, less obesity, and a lower prevalence of diabetes than their US Pima counterparts. Mean blood pressure rose with worsening glucose tolerance, and the prevalence of elevated urinary albumin excretion was higher in patients with diabetes than in those without, regardless of whether they lived in the United States or Mexico. These findings illustrate the importance of lifestyle in the development of diabetes and in the subsequent occurrence of diabetic kidney disease.

Body composition in Mexican adults by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) with the BOD-POD and deuterium oxide dilution using infrared spectroscopy (IRS-DOD).

Thirty four subjects (13 men and 21 women), 24 to 70 years old from northern Mexico, were measured for body density by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) with the BOD-POD, and for total body water by deuterium oxide dilution and infrared spectroscopy (IRS-DOD). Subjects were given a 30 g dose of deuterium oxide. Saliva samples were filtered, sublimated, and deuterium was measured using a Miran 1 FF, IRS. Linear regression of the fat mass (FM) derived from both methods showed that the intercept (0.071) was not different from zero (p = .96) and the slope was 0.96 (p < .0001) demonstrating the techniques to be equivalent. Further, mean FM was 26.7 +/- 12.4 and 25.6 +/- 12.4 kg, for IRS-DOD and ADP techniques, respectively (p = .08). Precision analysis by the model R2 showed that 92.3% of the variability was explained (SEM = 3.4 kg). Bland-Altman analysis showed no significant bias (r = 0.017; p = .93). Mean difference between methods was -1.08 (CI: -2.3 to + 0.13) kg FM.

Requerimiento de energía en personas activas de la tercera edad: residentes de una región rural del noroeste de México / Energy requirements in active elderly individuals living in a rural region of northwest Mexico

Se determinó el requerimiento energético total mediante el cuestionario de actividad física y calorimetría en dos grupos etarios de la tercera edad, activos en la vida libre y residentes de una región rural. Se registraron 65 actividades, tanto recreativas como discrecionales. A cada actividad se le asignó un valor del costo energético reportado en la literatura para población adulta y anciana. Se consideraron todas las actividades para la adaptación del cuestionario se probó mediante su aplicación repetida en dos ocaciones, con una separación entre 3 y 4 semanas y se obtuvo una r=0,85 (p<0,05). Las medidas del nivel de actividad física estimadas con el cuestionario en las mujeres y hombres fue de 1.50 ñ 0.29 y 1.65 ñ 0.66, respectivamente (p<0.05). De manera complementaria se midió la tasa metabólica basal. En las mujeres el metabolismo basal fue de 5348 ñ 719 KJ/día, diferente de 6169 ñ 862 KJ/día en los hombres (<0,05). De manera similar se encontraron diferencias en el gasto energético total de 8311 ñ 1610 KJ/día y 10210 ñ 2268 KJ/día para mujeres y hombres (p<0.05), respectivamente. El tipo de cuestionario utilizado puede ser una metodología alterna para evaluar el gasto por actividad física en este grupo poblacional y en conjunto con las mediciones de la tasa metabólica basal puede ser útil para estimar el gasto energético total y por consiguiente el requerimiento de energía en la población de la tercera edad y en la vida libre