Loss of purinergic vascular regulation in the colon during colitis is associated with upregulation of CD39.

Evidence from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models suggests that inflammation alters blood flow to the mucosa, which precipitates mucosal barrier dysfunction. Impaired purinergic sympathetic regulation of submucosal arterioles, the resistance vessels of the splanchnic vasculature, is one of the defects identified during IBD and in mouse models of IBD. We hypothesized that this may be a consequence of upregulated catabolism of ATP during colitis. In vivo and in vitro video microscopy techniques were employed to measure the effects of purinergic agonists and inhibitors of CD39, an enzyme responsible for extracellular ATP catabolism, on the diameter of colonic submucosal arterioles from control mice and mice with dextran sodium sulfate [DSS, 5% (wt/vol)] colitis. Using a luciferase-based ATP assay, we examined the degradation of ATP and utilized real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry to examine the expression and localization of CD39 during colitis. Arterioles from mice with DSS colitis did not constrict in response to ATP (10 microM) but did constrict in the presence of its nonhydrolyzable analog alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 microM). alpha,beta-Methylene ADP (100 microM), an inhibitor of CD39, restored ATP-induced vasoconstriction in arterioles from mice with DSS-induced colitis. CD39 protein and mRNA expression was markedly increased during colitis. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that, in addition to vascular CD39, F4/80-immunoreactive macrophages accounted for a large proportion of submucosal CD39 staining during colitis. These data implicate upregulation of CD39 in impaired sympathetic regulation of gastrointestinal blood flow during colitis.

[Evaluation of the humoral immune response by Western Blot test in mice immunized with expression genomic library of Trypanosoma cruzi]. / Evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral por western blot en ratones inmunizados con una biblioteca genómica de expresión de Trypanosoma cruzi.

An expression genomic library of Trypanosoma cruzi was built by using plasmid pc DNA3 as a vector. This library served to immunize by intramuscular administration BALB/c inbred mice. A positive control group to which T. cruzi soluble antigens were administered and other group which was given the same plasmid used for the building of the genomic library were included in this study; another group was not immunized. Blood was extracted from the retrorbital plexus of all the mice two weeks after the third vaccination so as to study the specific antibody response to soluble parasite anigens through the Western Blot technique. The antibody response was shown in animals immunized with the expression genomic library and with soluble parasite antigens.

[Molecular characterization of thalassemias in the Valencia community and its relationship with the hematological phenotype]. / Caracterización molecular de las talasemias en la Comunidad Valenciana y su relación con el fenotipo hematológico.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to present the first results of molecular characterization of thalassaemias in Valencian Community and their relationship with the haematological parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study includes 87 thalassemic patients: 30 alpha-thalassaemias, 40 beta-thalassaemias and 17 delta beta-thalassaemias. The molecular alterations were studied in white cell blood DNA, either following different PCR methods or by testing the digestion of the amplified PCR products with selective restriction enzymes. RESULTS: The molecular characterization of beta-thalassaemias was achieved in 94% of the subjects, being the transition C-->T in CD-39 the most frequent (44%) of the mutations studied. 94% of the delta beta-thalassaemias studied corresponded to the delta beta-Spanish type. All the alpha thalassaemias characterized (64%) corresponded to the -alpha 3.7 deletion. The reamining 36% were negative for the alpha 0 deletions --MED, --20.5, or the non deletional mutations Hph I and NocI. DISCUSSION: In the Valencian Community, like what has been described for the beta-thalassaemias in other Mediterranean regions of Spain (Barcelona, Granada and Mallorca), a high incidence in C-->T transition in CD-39 was observed, in contrast with central and south-western regions of Spain, where the G-->A IVS-I-1 is the most frequent mutation. Our study supports that the IVS-I-6 mutations is the one with lower repercussions on the haematological parameters. Our study confirms the Spanish type of delta beta-thalassaemia as the most frequent in the Valencian Community, and that the 3.7 kb alpha deletion is the most frequent mutation for the alpha-thalassaemia, although alpha thalassaemia is also the poorly characterized form of thalassaemia.