High-power ultrasound bleaching technique for canola oil (Brassica napus L.): Pigments removal and quality parameters.

Canola seeds (Brassica napus L.) are among the most commonly used seeds in Mexico for vegetable oil production. This is based on the high yield and content of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. During oil bleaching, it is important to maintain fatty acids in their cis configuration because of the health concerns associated with trans-fatty acid consumption. In this sense, the industrial processing parameters employed for this purpose present some limitations, such as high temperatures and long times, which may change the cis configuration to trans. In addition, the amount of bleaching clay employed for this process could be a source of contamination because it is disposed of after treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a bleaching process for canola oil using high-power ultrasound (US). US processing was applied to nine treatments with different processing times (60, 75, and 90 min), clay percentages (1, 2, and 3%), and temperatures (60 and 80 °C) to determine the concentrations of chlorophyll a and b (µg chlo/100 g oil), carotenes (µg ß-carotene/100 g oil), color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h°), iodine value (g I2/100 g oil), and finally carrying out a spectroscopic analysis (ATR-FTIR and Raman). A conventional bleaching treatment (100 °C for 180 min, 3% bleaching clay) was used as a control. The results revealed that US treatments with 2% clay at 60 °C for 60 and 90 min eliminated most of the chlorophyll compounds (98%). However, in terms of carotenes reduction, these identical treatments exhibited a similar tendency to that of the control (approximately 30% decrease). These findings also affected the sample color, in which US treatments revealed chromatic coordinates that indicated yellow tones with chroma values that were more intense than those in the control samples. In terms of the iodine value, such treatments fulfilled the international standards for vegetable oils (90-100 g I2/100 g oil). Finally, the spectroscopic study revealed no trans configurations or the presence of different chemical compounds after US treatment, because neither of them presented typical peaks for those molecular configurations. In this regard, US can be a useful methodology for bleaching vegetable oils, helping to reduce time, and bleaching clay with similar pigment reduction results.

Tratamiento farmacológico para sedación consciente en la consulta dental: revisión sistemática / Pharmacological treatment for conscious sedation in the dental office: systematic review

Introducción: La sedación consciente es una técnica no solo aplicada para pacientes pediátricos sino también para adultos y esto es determinado por fobia, ansiedad, discapacidad, estrés por la consulta odontológica y los diferentes tratamientos dentales. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron diversas bases de datos como los son PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, para incluir la totalidad de investigaciones clínicas que se publicaron en el área de mala conducta en consulta dental y el tratamiento mediante sedación consciente con sus diferentes fármacos aplicados. Resultados: En referencia de los diferentes artículos obtenidos en la búsqueda sistemática referida a estudios clínicos, experimentales, enfocados a sedación consciente en la consulta odontológica, y mediante la revisión de artículos se ha obtenido diez artículos en los cuales se utilizaron diferentes fármacos para realizar la sedación consciente. Conclusiones: La vía de administración medicamentosa más aceptada para realizar la sedación consciente es la vía oral, existen un sin número de combinaciones farmacológicas para poder realizar la misma. (AU)

Introduction: Conscious sedation is a technique not only applied to pediatric patients but also to adults and thisis determined by phobia, anxiety, disability, stress due to dental consultation and different dental treatments. Material and methods: Various data bases were used, such as PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, to include all the clinical investigations that were published in the area of misconduct in dental practice and treatment by conscious sedation with its different drugs applied. Results: In reference to the different articles obtained in the systematic search referred to clinical, experimental studies, focused on conscious sedation in the dental consultation, and through the review of articles, ten articles have been obtained in which different drugs were used to perform conscious sedation. Conclusions: The most accepted route of drug administration to carry out conscious sedation is the oral route, there are a number of pharmacological combinations to be able to carry it out. (AU

High-intensity ultrasound pretreatment influence on whey protein isolate and its use on complex coacervation with kappa carrageenan: Evaluation of selected functional properties.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment on whey protein isolate (WPI) molecular structure as a previous step for complex coacervation (CC) with kappa-carrageenan (KC) and its influence on CC functional properties. Protein suspension of WPI (1% w/w) was treated with an ultrasound probe (24 kHz, 2 and 4 min, at 50 and 100% amplitude), non HIUS pretreated WPI was used as a control. Coacervation was achieved by mixing WPI and KC dispersions (10 min). Time and amplitude of the sonication treatment had a direct effect on the molecular structure of the protein, FTIR-ATR analysis detected changes on pretreated WPI secondary structure (1600-1700 cm-1) after sonication. CC electrostatic interactions were detected between WPI positive regions, KC sulfate group (1200-1260 cm-1), and the anhydrous oxygen of the 3,6 anhydro-D-galactose (940-1066 cm-1) with a partial negative charge. After ultrasound treatment, a progressive decrease in WPI particle size (nm) was detected. Rheology results showed pseudoplastic behavior for both, KC and CC, with a significant change on the viscosity level. Further, volume increment, stability, and expansion percentages of CC foams were improved using WPI sonicated. Besides, HIUS treatment had a positive effect on the emulsifying properties of the CC, increasing the time emulsion stability percentage. HIUS proved to be an efficient tool to improve functional properties in WPI-KC CC.

Del malestar a la depresión: dinámicas en la construcción del significado personal de la experiencia de la depresión / From Discomfort to Depression: Dynamics in Building Personal Meaning from the Depressive Experience

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender las dinámicas mediante las cuales los pacientes significan su experiencia de la depresión. Metodología: Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, basada en la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 10 pacientes diagnosticados de un trastorno del ánimo con episodio depresivo, por el que habían estado en tratamiento psicoterapéutico previamente. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas desde un enfoque descriptivo-relacional, para reconocer las principales unidades temáticas referidas por los participantes y luego identificar sus relaciones y significados subyacentes. Resultados: El significado de la experiencia de la depresión se reveló como un proceso denominado "Construcción subjetiva de la experiencia de la depresión", caracterizado por tres momentos. (1) "La experiencia de un malestar sin nombre"; (2) "Anclaje de la experiencia del paciente en la palabra depresión"; (3) "Apropiación de la experiencia de la depresión". Conclusión: la experiencia de la depresión se presenta como un proceso dinámico de interacción entre el malestar subjetivo y la construcción de significados asociados a él; transitando de una experiencia desconcertante observada en el cuerpo, el ánimo y/o lo conductual, hacia una experiencia elaborable discursivamente, a través de una referencia semántica (depresión) que integra los significados y origina un proceso de apropiación de lo que implica para cada individuo tener depresión o estar deprimido.

Abstract Objective: To understand the dynamics by which patients signify their depressive experience. Methodology: A qualitative methodology was used, based on the Grounded Theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 patients diagnosed with a mood disorder with depressive episode, who had been in a psychotherapy treatment about it. The interviews were analyzed from a descriptive-relational approach, recognizing the main thematic units referred by the participants, and then identifying their relationships and underlying meanings. Results: The meaning of "depression" experience was revealed as a process, named "subjective construction of depression experience", characterized by three moments: (1) "The experience of an unnamed discomfort"; (2) "Anchoring the patient's experience in the word depression"; (3) "Appropriation of depression experience". Conclusion: The depressive experience is presented as a dynamic process of interaction between subjective discomfort and the construction of meanings associated to it. Transitioning from a disconcerting experience observed on their body, mood, and/or their behaviour, to something available to be elaborated discursively, through a semantic reference (depression) that integrates them, originates a process of appropriation about what it implies for each individual to be depressed or have depression.

Using Persuasive Systems Design Model to Evaluate "Cuida tu Ánimo": An Internet-Based Pilot Program for Prevention and Early Intervention of Adolescent Depression.

Background: "Cuida tu Ánimo" (CTA [Take Care of Your Mood]) is an internet-based program for prevention and early intervention of adolescent depression implemented in Chile and Colombia. In the pilot application of the program, participants interacted with the program through a website that provided psychoeducational information, chat, and telephone appointments as well as monitoring and feedback messages. To date, most similar programs were not developed taking design features into consideration. The persuasive systems design (PSD) model is a comprehensive framework developed to aid in the design and evaluation of systems capable of influencing users' attitudes or behaviors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the persuasiveness of CTA pilot program using the PSD model. Methods: The methodology used was expert evaluation, where specialists evaluate the program against a list of design principles. Results: Although the PSD model was not used to design the program, system features proposed by PSD were present, mainly "Dialogue support" features. Persuasion context analysis was not carried out by the developers. No aspects of the program could be related to "Primary task support" features because the developers did not define a primary task. Discussion: Key aspects of the PSD model could be incorporated in the CTA program to enhance system persuasiveness and improve adherence.

Acceptability Study of "Ascenso": An Online Program for Monitoring and Supporting Patients with Depression in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Major depression is a highly prevalent and severe mental disease. Despite the effective treatment options available, the risk of relapse is high. Interventions based on information and communication technologies generate innovative opportunities to provide support to patients after they completed treatment for depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This acceptability study evaluated the Internet-based program Apoyo, Seguimiento y Cuidado de Enfermedades a partir de Sistemas Operativos (ASCENSO) in terms of its feasibility and acceptability in a sample of 35 patients in Chile. RESULTS: The study reveals high rates of acceptance and satisfaction among patients who actively used the program. As obstacles, patients mentioned technical problems, a lack of contact with other participants, and an insufficient connection between the program and the health service professionals. CONCLUSIONS: ASCENSO appears to be a promising complement to regular care for depression. Following improvements of the program based on participants' feedback, future research should evaluate its efficacy and cost-effectiveness.

Multiple-pass high-pressure homogenization of milk for the development of pasteurization-like processing conditions.

Multiple-pass ultrahigh pressure homogenization (UHPH) was used for reducing microbial population of both indigenous spoilage microflora in whole raw milk and a baroresistant pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) inoculated in whole sterile milk to define pasteurization-like processing conditions. Response surface methodology was followed and multiple response optimization of UHPH operating pressure (OP) (100, 175, 250 MPa) and number of passes (N) (1-5) was conducted through overlaid contour plot analysis. Increasing OP and N had a significant effect (P < 0·05) on microbial reduction of both spoilage microflora and Staph. aureus in milk. Optimized UHPH processes (five 202-MPa passes; four 232-MPa passes) defined a region where a 5-log(10) reduction of total bacterial count of milk and a baroresistant pathogen are attainable, as a requisite parameter for establishing an alternative method of pasteurization. Multiple-pass UHPH optimized conditions might help in producing safe milk without the detrimental effects associated with thermal pasteurization.

Dislocation-source shutdown and the plastic behavior of single-crystal micropillars.

Dislocation dynamics simulations have been used to study the stress-strain response of single-crystal micropillars containing initial dislocation networks generated via a relaxation procedure intended to approximate real thermal annealing processes. We find that, when such networks are loaded, they exhibit periods of plastic deformation, caused by the operation of single junction-stabilized spiral sources, followed by intervals of purely elastic straining when the sources shut down. The results provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed staircase stress-strain behavior.

An interpretation of size-scale plasticity in geometrically confined systems.

The mesoscopic constitutive behavior of face-centered cubic metals as a function of the system characteristic dimension recently has been investigated experimentally. Strong size effects have been identified in both polycrystalline submicron thin films and single crystal micro pillars. The size effect is manifested as an increase in strength and hardening rate as the system dimensions are decreased. In this article, we provide a mechanistic interpretation for the observed mesoscopic behavior. By performing 3D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations of grains representative of the system microstructure and associated characteristic dimensions, we show that the experimentally observed size effects can be qualitatively described. In these simulations, a constant density of dislocation sources per unit of grain boundary area is modeled by sources randomly distributed at grain boundaries. The source length (strength) is modeled by a Gaussian distribution, in which average and standard deviation is independent of the system characteristic dimension. The simulations reveal that two key concepts are at the root of the observed plasticity size effect. First, the onset of plasticity is governed by a dislocation nucleation-controlled process (sources of various length, i.e., strengths, in our model). Second, the hardening rate is controlled by source exhaustion, i.e., sources are active only once as a result of the limited dislocation mobility arising from size and boundary effects. The model postulated here improves our understanding of why "smaller is stronger" and provides predictive capabilities that should enhance the reliable design of devices in applications such as microelectronics and micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems.

Self-inflicted cesarean section with maternal and fetal survival.

An unusual case of self-inflicted cesarean section with maternal and child survival is presented. No similar event was found in an Internet literature search. Because of a lack of medical assistance and a history of fetal death in utero, a 40-year-old multiparous woman unable to deliver herself alone vaginally sliced her abdomen and uterus and delivered her child. She was transferred to a hospital where she underwent repair of the incisions and had to remain hospitalized. Mother and child survived the event. Unusual and extraordinary measures to preserve their offspring sometimes moves women to extreme decisions endangering their own lives. Social, educational, and health measures should be instituted all over the world, particularly in rural areas of developing countries, to avoid such extreme events.

Imagenes de resonancia magnetica con tecnica de difusion en el diagnostico de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquemica, definicion de caracteristicas operativas / Magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion protocols in diagnostic of ischemic stroke

Introducción: Para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) isquémica se han propuesto nuevos métodos de imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM) funcional, como las técnicas de perfusión y difusión, cuyas características operativas apenas comienzan a ser definidas. Objetivo: Definir características operativas de las IRM funcional de difusión para el diagnóstico de ECV y compararlo con los métodos más frecuentes, usando como estándar de referencia el diagnóstico clínico final al egreso del paciente. Tipo de Estudio: Estudio de corte transversal para determinar y comparar características operativas de métodos diagnósticos. Lugar de Estudio: Servicio de Neuroradiología Clínica del Country, Bogotá. Pacientes y Métodos: Pacientes referidos para estudio por sospecha clínica de ECV con síntomas de menos de 24 horas. Se realizó TAC, IRM convencional e IRM funcional de difusión en un resonador de 1.5 T. Se definió anormalidad en la difusión como aumento en la intensidad de la señal (disminución del coeficiente de difusión aparente) El estándar de oro fue el diagnóstico del clínico al egreso. A partir de estos datos se calcularon las características operativas y se compararon con las de otros métodos de uso corriente en neuroradiología (TAC, I RM convencional). Resultados: Se incluyeron 17 pacientes. En 13 el diagnóstico final fue ECV isquémica, de los cuales las IRM funcional de difusión fueron positivas en todos. La sensibilidad es de 100 por ciento , la especificidad de 100 por ciento , lo mismo que los valores predictivos. Las cifras igualan y superan las de los demás métodos estudiados. Conclusión: El rendimiento diagnóstico de esta nueva técnica para evaluación de la ECV isquémica es apropiado y similar a lo descrito en la literatura. Se justifica considerar su uso en forma más frecuente y ampliar la experiencia con este método

Hipoglicemia neonatal: hallazgos por resonancia magnetica / Neonatal Hypoglycemia: finding for magnetic resonance

La hipoglicemia neonatal es una entidad frecuente, siendo poco común el compromiso neurológico definitivo. Los estudios por imágenes, en especial la resonancia magnética, demuestran un patrón característico de alteración de la corteza cerebral y la sustancia blanca subcortical de los lóbulos parietal y occipital. En los casos más severos existe compromiso del globus pallidus, con pocos diagnósticos diferenciales que también pueden ser evaluados por resonancia magnética. Se evalúan en forma retrospectiva los estudios imaginológicos de un paciente de sexo masculino de cinco semanas, que consultó a las 24 horas de nacido por letargia, pobre reflejo de succión y convulsiones focales, sin antecedentes maternofetales, con hipoglicemia severa de difícil manejo. Se describen los hallazgos imaginológicos, comparando éstos con los pocos casos reportados en la literatura y las hipótesis sobre su presentación

[Laparoscopic splenectomy: the learning process]. / Esplenectomía laparoscópica: curva de aprendizaje.

This is a report of our initial experience with laparoscopic splenectomy in children. From August 1997 to March 1999, 19 patients underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for various hematologic disorders. The ages ranged from 3 to 13 years. A four port technique was used to perform the procedure. All 19 procedures were completed successfully laparoscopically. The average surgical blood loss was 60 cc. The average operative time was 138 min and the length of stay in the hospital 2.5 days. One patient required a reintervention because of postoperative bleeding. We discuss the learning curve in our laparoscopic splenectomy cases.

Esplenectomía laparoscópica: curva de aprendizaje / Laparoscopic splenectomy: the learning process

This is a report of our initial experience with laparoscopic splenectomy in children. From August 1997 to March 1999, 19 patients underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for various hematologic disorders. The ages ranged from 3 to 13 years. A four port technique was used to perform the procedure. All 19 procedures were completed successfully laparoscopically. The average surgical blood loss was 60 cc. The average operative time was 138 min and the length of stay in the hospital 2.5 days. One patient required a reintervention because of postoperative bleeding. We discuss the learning curve in our laparoscopic splenectomy cases.

Cardiopatía y embarazo. Experiencia de cinco años

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Docente "Mariana Grajales" de la ciudad de Santa Clara, entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 1997, con el objetivo de caracterizar a las gestantes cardiópatas. Se incluyeron 315 pacientes atendidas en la consulta de cardiopatía de dicho centro y se tuvo en consideración el tipo de cardiopatía, intervenciones quirúrgicas previas, grado funcional, tipo de parto, Apgar del recién nacido, y mortalidad perinatal

Algunos factores asociados a la operación cesárea

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 1569 cesáreas practicadas en el Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico "Mariana Grajales" de Santa Clara, durante el 1998. Del total de cesáreas, 992 fueron primitivas y 577 iteradas, lo que representó 21,7 por ciento de la totalidad de nacimientos ocurridos por esa vía en ese período. Las principales causas de cesáreas primitivas, en orden decreciente, fueron el sufrimiento fetal, la presentación pelviana y la desproporción cefalopélvica. La anemia fue la más frecuente complicación postoperaoria no séptica. Fue utilizada la antibioticoterapia de manera inestable, fundamentalmente en la cesárea limpia contaminada, lo que significa que su uso estable pudiera contribuir a disminuir la sepsis. La mortalidad materna estuvo relacionada significativamente con la operación cesárea, pues su tasa fue de 12,7 x 10000, lo que demuestra que es una técnica quirúrgica no exenta de riesgos y, por tanto, no electiva

Mortalidad materna en Villa Clara

Se realizó un estudio de las 60 muertes ocurridas en la provincia de Villa Clara desde 1980 a 1995, con la finalidad de definir las principales causas de las mismas así como el momento en que ellas ocurren. De estas muertes, 44 fueron directas y 16 indirectas, con una tasa de media de 2,5 x 10 000 nacidos vivos. Se realizó la comparaión con la tasa nacional y análisis de la tendencia, así como las principales causas de muertes, que en orden de frecuencia fueron: hemorragia, infección y toxemia para las directas, y la cardiopatía en enfermedades hepáticas y respiratorias para las indirectas. Se precisó que casi las 3/4 partes de los fallecimientos se produjeron durante el puerperio

Sepsis postcesarea

Se realizó un estudio analítico-retrospectivo de tipo caso-control en 71 paciente cesareadas con complicaciones sépticas durante el 1998, atendidas en el Hospital Provincial Docente Ginecoobstétrico "Mariana Grajales" de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, con el objetivo de identificar los factores que influyeron en las sepsis. Como grupo control se tomaron cesareadas con evolución normal en igual número. Fueron estudiadas diferentes variables: factores de riesgo, localización de la sepsis, asociación entre los factores de riesgo y localización de la sepsis, momento de realización de la operación y costo. Se encontró un índice de cesárea de 21,7 por ciento y una tasa de incidencia de la sepsis de un 5 por ciento. El índice de sepsis poscesárea mostró tendencia a disminuir en los últimos años. La forma clínica que predominó fue la sepsis de la herida quirúrgica con 53,5 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo estudiados no mostraron relación estadística significativa con la sepsis. El costo económico por cada paciente con esta complicación séptica fue de 625.19 pesos

[Bilateral Wilms' tumor. Current treatment]. / El tumor de Wilms bilateral. Tratamiento actual.

Partial nephrectomy combined with chemotherapy has been the most effective treatment in bilateral Wilms tumors. We present two cases. The bilateral synchronous tumor are present in 4.2% and the metachronous tumor in 1.6%, in the world statistics. The synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor, Stage V, have an excellent prognosis: over 87% survival, compared to 40% of the metachronous bilateral Wilms tumors.