Myelin plasticity in the ventral tegmental area is required for opioid reward.

All drugs of abuse induce long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission and neural circuit function that underlie substance-use disorders1,2. Another recently appreciated mechanism of neural circuit plasticity is mediated through activity-regulated changes in myelin that can tune circuit function and influence cognitive behaviour3-7. Here we explore the role of myelin plasticity in dopaminergic circuitry and reward learning. We demonstrate that dopaminergic neuronal activity-regulated myelin plasticity is a key modulator of dopaminergic circuit function and opioid reward. Oligodendroglial lineage cells respond to dopaminergic neuronal activity evoked by optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic neurons, optogenetic inhibition of GABAergic neurons, or administration of morphine. These oligodendroglial changes are evident selectively within the ventral tegmental area but not along the axonal projections in the medial forebrain bundle nor within the target nucleus accumbens. Genetic blockade of oligodendrogenesis dampens dopamine release dynamics in nucleus accumbens and impairs behavioural conditioning to morphine. Taken together, these findings underscore a critical role for oligodendrogenesis in reward learning and identify dopaminergic neuronal activity-regulated myelin plasticity as an important circuit modification that is required for opioid reward.

Continuing Bonds in grieving men: A comparative description of Costa Rica and Spain.

Continuing Bonds among grieving men from Costa Rica and Spain were compared, with the primary hypothesis that there would be significant differences between the two groups. A descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional research study was conducted. Non-probability and convenience sampling was employed, involving 227 grieving men who completed an online questionnaire comprising sociodemographic data, mediators of mourning, and the Continuing Bonds Scale. The results did not reveal significant differences in Continuing Bonds expressions. However, upon controlling for the interaction between degree of kinship with the deceased person, notable differences emerged in Continuing Bonds and internalized and externalized Continuing Bonds (p < 0.05). The influence of sociocultural factors in each country on Continuing Bonds expressions is considered. The findings could support the development of strategies centered on grieving men, Continuing Bonds, and their specific needs.

Mental Health Conditions and Suicide Risk Among Costa Rican University Students

Introduction: University students are exposed to academic demands that could impact mental health and trigger suicidal behaviors. Objective: To analyze the mental health conditions (depression, anxiety, and social support) and suicide risk in Costa Rican university students. Materials and Methods: Correlational, predictive, and cross-sectional research was conducted. A census sample of 76 university students was included. Variables encompassed sociodemographic data, social support measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, depression measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II, anxiety measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and suicide risk measured by the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale. An online survey was used. Descriptive analysis, variance analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were performed. Significance level set at p<0.05. Results: The student body had a mean age of 19.43 years ±1.75, with gender identity evenly distributed. 38.20% reported moderate-severe symptoms of depression, and 32.90% indicated suicide risk. Differences were observed between gender identity in terms of social support and anxiety (p<0.05). Correlations were found between mental health conditions and suicide risk (p=0.001). Depression was identified as a factor contributing to an increased risk of suicide (p=0.001). Discussion: Previous literature confirms that mental health conditions such as low social support, depression, and anxiety in university students would predispose to the suicide risk. Conclusions: There is a segment of the university student population experiencing adverse mental health conditions and suicide risk, for whom care strategies focused on their needs should be developed.

Introducción: El estudiantado universitario está expuesto a demandas académicas que podrían afectar la salud mental e incitar las conductas suicidas. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones de salud mental (depresión, ansiedad y apoyo social) y el riesgo de suicidio en estudiantes universitarios costarricenses. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación correlacional, predictiva y transversal. Muestra censal de 76 estudiantes universitarios. Las variables fueron datos sociodemográficos, apoyo social medido por la Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido, depresión medida por el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II, ansiedad medida por el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck y riesgo de suicidio medido por la Escala de Riesgo Suicida de Plutchick. Se utilizó una encuesta en línea. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, análisis de varianza, correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal múltiple. Nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: El estudiantado tuvo una edad media de 19,43 años ±1,75, la identidad de género se distribuyó igualitariamente. El 38,20% manifestó síntomas moderado-severo de depresión, 32,90% refirió riesgo de suicidio. Hubo diferencias entre identidad de género según apoyo social y ansiedad (p<0,05). Se presentaron correlaciones entre las condiciones de salud mental y el riesgo de suicidio (p=0,001). La depresión determinó un aumento del riesgo de suicidio (p=0,001). Discusión: La literatura previa confirma que condiciones de salud mental como bajo apoyo social, depresión y ansiedad en estudiantes universitarios suscitarían el riesgo de suicidio. Conclusiones: Existe un sector del estudiantado universitario que presenta condiciones de salud mental adversas y riesgo de suicidio, para el que se debe desarrollar estrategias de cuidado centradas en sus necesidades

Introdução: Estudantes universitários estão expostos a demandas acadêmicas que podem afetar a saúde mental e incitar ao comportamento suicida. Objetivo: Analisar as condições de saúde mental (depressão, ansiedade e apoio social) e o risco de suicídio em estudantes universitários da Costa Rica. Materiais e Métodos: Pesquisa correlacional, preditiva e transversal. Amostra censitária de 76 estudantes universitários. As variáveis foram dados sociodemográficos, apoio social medido pela Escala Multidimensional de Suporte Social Percebido, depressão medida pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II, ansiedade medida pelo Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck e risco de suicídio medido pela Escala de Risco de Suicídio de Plutchick. Foi utilizada uma pesquisa online. Foram realizadas análise descritiva, análise de variância, correlação de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: O corpo discente tinha idade média de 19,43 anos ±1,75, a identidade de gênero estava distribuída igualmente. 38,20% apresentaram sintomas de depressão moderados a graves, 32,90% relataram risco de suicídio. Houve diferenças entre identidade de gênero segundo suporte social e ansiedade (p<0,05). Foram apresentadas correlações entre condições de saúde mental e risco de suicídio (p=0,001). A depressão determinou risco aumentado de suicídio (p=0,001). Discussão: A literatura anterior confirma que condições de saúde mental como baixo apoio social, depressão e ansiedade em estudantes universitários aumentariam o risco de suicídio. Conclusões: Existe um setor de estudantes universitários que apresenta condições adversas de saúde mental e risco de suicídio, para o qual devem ser desenvolvidas estratégias de cuidado focadas em suas necessidades.

Phylogenetic diversity and North Andean block conservation.

Background: The Northern Andean Block (NAB) harbors high biodiversity; therefore, it is one of the most important areas in the Neotropics. Nevertheless, the settlement of several human populations has triggered the rapid transformation of ecosystems, leading to the extinction or endangerment of many species. Methods: Because phylogenetic diversity indices quantify the historical distinctness between species, they are adequate tools for evaluating priority conservation areas. We reconstructed 93 phylogenies encompassing 1,252 species and, utilizing their occurrence data sourced from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, computed the Average Taxonomic Distinctness Index (AvTD) for each grid cell with a spatial resolution of 0.25° within the NAB. The index values for each grid cell were categorized into quantiles, and grid cells displaying values within the upper quantile (Q5) were identified as the most significant in terms of phylogenetic diversity. We also calculated the contribution of endemic species to overall phylogenetic diversity within the NAB, specifically focusing on areas preserved within protected areas. Results: The NAB Andean region exhibited the highest AvTD, with high AvTD values observed in the middle and southern areas of Cordilleras. Endemic species made a relatively modest contribution to the overall phylogenetic diversity of the NAB, accounting for only 1.2% of the total. Despite their relatively small geographical footprints, protected areas within the NAB have emerged as crucial repositories of biodiversity, encompassing 40% of the total phylogenetic diversity in the region. Discussion: Although the NAB Andean region has been identified as the most crucial area in terms of AvTD, some regions in the Amazonian Piedemonte and Pacific lowlands have high AvTD levels. Interestingly, some protected areas have been found to harbor higher AvTDs than expected, given their smaller size. Although the delimitation of new PAs and species richness have been the primary factors driving the expansion of PAs, it is also essential to consider the evolutionary information of species to conserve all aspects of biodiversity, or at least cover most of them. Therefore, using phylogenetic diversity measures and the results of this study can contribute to expanding the PA network and improving the connectivity between PAs. This approach will help conserve different aspects of biodiversity and preserve evolutionary relationships between species.

Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido / Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one / Manutenção de vínculos em homens em luto por um ente querido

Objetivo: examinar la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido. Método: estudio correlacional, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra a conveniencia de 170 hombres dolientes. Las variables fueron mediadores del duelo, continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se utilizó un cuestionario en línea compuesto por mediadores de duelo, escala de continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza y coeficiente de Spearman. El nivel de significancia correspondió a p<0,05. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes fue de 36,61 años (DE=13,40), y el 80,00% tenía educación superior. Los valores medios de continuidad de vínculos interna y externa fueron 24,85 (DE=7,93) y 7,68 (DE=2,33), respectivamente. Se establecieron diferencias significativas referentes a la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa entre parentesco de la persona fallecida (p<0,001), y ninguna con la causa de muerte o con el tiempo transcurrido desde el fallecimiento. No se precisaron correlaciones significativas entre continuidad de vínculos interna/externa y mediadores del duelo. Conclusión: los hombres dolientes expresan la continuidad de vínculos interna de manera frecuente y la externa en ocasiones, con diferencias respecto a quién era la persona fallecida. La Enfermería podría diseñar estrategias específicas que fortalezcan el afrontamiento del duelo en este grupo.

Objective: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. Method: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. Conclusion: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group.

Objetivo: examinar a manutenção de vínculos interna e externa em homens vivenciando o luto por um ser querido. Método: estudo correlacional, descritivo e de corte transversal. Amostra de conveniência de 170 homens em luto. As variáveis foram: mediadores do luto, manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Utilizou-se um questionário online composto por mediadores de luto, escala de manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, análise de variância e coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: os participantes tinham uma média de idade de 36,61 anos (DP=13,40) e 80,00% tinham ensino superior. A média de manutenção interna dos vínculos foi de 24,85 (DP=7,93) e a de manutenção externa foi de 7,68 (DP=2,33). Foram estabelecidas diferenças significativas para a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos entre os parentes do falecido (p<0,001), nenhuma com a causa da morte ou o tempo decorrido desde a morte. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos e os mediadores do luto. Conclusão: os homens em luto expressaram a manutenção interna dos vínculos com frequência e a manutenção externa dos vínculos ocasionalmente, com diferenças a respeito de quem era a pessoa falecida. A enfermagem poderia criar estratégias específicas para fortalecer o enfrentamento do luto nesse grupo.

Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. / Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido.

OBJECTIVE: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. METHOD: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. RESULTS: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. CONCLUSION: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group. (1) It was usual to continue the bond with the deceased loved one. (2) The expression of internalized continuing bonds was frequent after the death. (3) When facing the loss, there was occasional expression of externalized continuing bonds. (4) There were differences in internalized and externalized continuing bonds according to kinship. (5) There were no associations between continuing bonds and mediators of mourning.

Continuidad de vínculos, hombres y mujeres en duelo por un ser querido: un análisis secundario / Continuing bonds, men, and women in bereavement: A secondary analysis

Introducción: El duelo es una respuesta compleja ante la pérdida de un ser querido que exhibe diferentes rutas para su ajuste, la continuidad de vínculos forma parte de su naturaleza. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia de duelo por un ser querido en hombres y mujeres relacionada a percepción de cercanía con la persona fallecida, continuidad de vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería. Materiales y Métodos: Análisis secundario. Muestra a conveniencia de 251 dolientes, adultos, residentes de Canarias, hispanohablantes. Recolección con encuesta en línea compuesta por características sociodemográficas y de salud, y relacionadas con la pérdida, Escala de inclusión del otro en el yo, Escala de Continuidad de Vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo, U de Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de Spearman. Nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: Edad media de 45,09 años ±10,38. Un 22,70% (57) fue hombre, 77,30% (194) mujer. Se identificaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en percepción de cercanía con el fallecido (p<0,05), y relaciones significativas entre percepción de cercanía con el fallecido, continuidad de vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería (p=0,001). Discusión: Al confrontar los resultados con otros estudios se presentan algunas consistencias y diferencias en el comportamiento de las variables demostrando el dinamismo del fenómeno. Conclusiones: Para este grupo de participantes, la experiencia de duelo no estaría ligada a construcciones sociales de género si no que contesta a una respuesta de afrontamiento según sus necesidades. La comprensión del proceso de duelo permite a la Enfermería de Salud Mental implementar acciones fundamentadas en el Proceso de Enfermería.

Introduction: Grief is a complex response to the loss of a loved one with different ways of adjustment, and Continuing Bonds are part of its nature. Objective: To analyze men's and women's experiences of grief in terms of perception of closeness to the deceased, Continuing Bonds, and Nursing diagnoses. Materials and Methods: Secondary analysis. A convenience sample of 251 Spanish-speaking adult mourners, residents of the Canary Islands, was used. Data was collected via an online survey consisting of socio-demographic, health, and loss-related characteristics, the Inclusion of Other in the Self scale, the Continuing Bonds Scale, and Nursing diagnoses. Descriptive analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's coefficient were used. Level of significance p<0.05. Results: The mean age was 45.09 years ±10.38 years; 22.70% (57) were male, and 77.30% (194) were female. Significant differences were found between men and women in the perception of closeness to the deceased (p<0.05), and significant relationships were found between the perception of closeness to the deceased, Continuing Bonds, and Nursing diagnoses (p=0.001). Discussion: A comparison of the results with other studies shows some consistencies and differences in the behavior of the variables, demonstrating the dynamism of the phenomenon. Conclusions: For this group of participants, the experience of grief would not be linked to social constructions of gender but instead respond to a coping response according to their needs. Understanding the grieving process allows Mental Health Nursing to implement interventions based on the Nursing Process.

Introdução: O luto é uma resposta complexa à perda de um ente querido que apresenta diferentes caminhos de ajustamento, a continuidade dos laços faz parte da sua natureza. Objetivo: Analisar a vivência do luto por um ente querido em homens e mulheres relacionada à percepção de proximidade com a pessoa falecida, continuidade de vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem. Materiais e Métodos: Análise secundária. Amostra para conveniência de 251 enlutados, adultos, residentes nas Ilhas Canárias, falantes de espanhol. Coleção com inquérito online composto por características sociodemográficas e de saúde, e relacionadas à perda, Escala de inclusão do outro no eu, Escala de Continuidade de Vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem. Foram utilizadas análise descritiva, U de Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Idade média de 45,09 anos ±10,38. 22,70% (57) eram homens, 77,30% (194) eram mulheres. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres na percepção de proximidade com o falecido (p<0,05), e relações significativas entre percepção de proximidade com o falecido, continuidade de vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem (p=0,001). Discussão: Ao comparar os resultados com outros estudos, apresentam-se algumas consistências e diferenças no comportamento das variáveis, demonstrando o dinamismo do fenômeno. Conclusões: Para este grupo de participantes, a vivência do luto não estaria ligada a construções sociais de género, mas responde a uma resposta de enfrentamento de acordo com as suas necessidades. A compreensão do processo de luto permite à Enfermagem em Saúde Mental implementar ações pautadas no Processo de Enfermagem.

Continuidad de vínculos con el ser querido fallecido y los cuidados de Enfermería de Salud Mental según el Modelo Tidal / Continuing bonds with the deceased loved one and Mental Health Nursing care from the perspective of the Tidal Model

El objetivo principal es analizar de qué manera el Modelo Tidal favorece la reconstrucción de significados en el duelo como continuidad de vínculos. El duelo es un proceso complejo que tiene componentes naturales y construidos, en ocasiones, las personas dolientes validan la continuidad de vínculos con la persona fallecida por medio de la organización de las autonarrativas. El manejo de este fenómeno es interdisciplinario donde destaca la Enfermería de Salud Mental orientada por el Modelo Tidal el cual se apoya en la historia personal para la reconstrucción de los significados tras la muerte de un ser querido favoreciendo la adaptación a través del cuidado. Conclusión principal: El abordaje de la continuidad de vínculos desde el Modelo Tidal favorece la adaptación al duelo centrado en la persona y su historia al afianzar la reconstrucción de significados que mejoren la calidad de vida por medio del cuidado enfocado en las necesidades actuales. (AU)

The objective is to analyze how the Tidal Model favors the reconstruction of meanings in grief as a continuing bond. Results: Grief is a complex process that has natural and constructed components. Sometimes, bereaved people validate the continuing bonds with the deceased person through the organization of self-narratives. The management of this phenomenon is interdisciplinary, where Mental Health Nursing stands out, guided by the Tidal Model, which is based on personal history for the reconstruction of meanings after the death of a loved one, favoring their adaptation through care. Conclusions: The approach to the continuing bonds from the Tidal Model favors adaptation to grief centered on the person and their history by strengthening the reconstruction of meanings that improve quality of life through care focused on the needs of the current experience. (AU)

Coenura Bigot as a valid genus: A molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Pelecorhynchus Macquart sensu lato (Diptera: Pelecorhynchidae).

The phylogeny of the genus Pelecorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Pelecorhynchidae) was analyzed using three genes, cytochrome oxidase I, 28S ribosomal DNA, and CAD5, with 112 morphological characteristics. A total of 59 specimens (13 outgroups and 46 ingroups) were included in the analysis. The monophyly of Pelecorhynchidae was recovered under all analyses, with Glutops Burgess as the sister group of Pelecorhynchus s.l., while Pseudoerinna jonesi (Cresson) was the sister group. Within Pelecorhynchus there are three main clades with unresolved affinities. Clade I was formed by P. personatus (Walker), P. vulpes (Macquart), P. penai Pechuman and P. kroeberi (Lindner), a well-supported clade. Clade II corresponds to the set of species of Chilean Pelecorhynchus, conformed to P. biguttatus (Philippi), P. toltensis Llanos & Gonzlez, P. elegans (Philippi), P. xanthopleura (Philippi), P. hualqui Llanos & Gonzlez, and P. longicauda (Bigot), a well-supported clade. Clade III is represented exclusively by P. fulvus Ricardo, which has an exclusively Australian distribution. The monophyly of P. fulvus and its nomenclature remain an open question, as only a single species of this taxon was included. Our study demonstrated that the concept of Pelecorhynchus should be revisited. Therefore, we restore Coenura Bigot, 1857 to generic status for part of the southern South American species of Pelecorhynchus conformed by the species C. biguttata, C. elegans, C. hualqui, C. longicauda, C. toltensis, and C. xanthopleura which are monophyletic, supported by molecular and morphological data, and consistent with a Chilean distribution.

Cuidados de salud mental durante la pandemia por COVID-19: experiencias con una persona en crisis / Mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences with an individual in a crisis situation

INTRODUCCIÓN. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha sido un fenómeno con implicaciones biológicas, psicológicas y sociales que ha afectado a las personas en diferentes circunstancias. Por momentos, aumentando su vulnerabilidad y generando situaciones de sufrimiento, lo que provocó la implementación de servicios de salud mental específicos alrededor del mundo. En ese contexto, se presenta la relación interpersonal de Enfermería de Salud Mental guiada por el Modelo de Stuart de Adaptación al Estrés con una persona en una situación de crisis. OBJETIVO. Analizar la intervención de Enfermería de Salud Mental en caso de crisis desde el Modelo de Stuart de Adaptación al Estrés. METODOLOGÍA. El abordaje se desarrolló en modalidad virtual con una persona adulta media. Se guio por el Modelo de Stuart de Adaptación al Estrés siguiendo las etapas del Proceso de Enfermería de tercera generación y de la terapia de intervención en crisis. Se utilizó el lenguaje estandarizado NANDA-I, NOC, NIC para desarrollar el plan de intervenciones. RESULTADOS. Se implementó el plan de cuidados acorde a las necesidades de la persona obteniendo una respuesta adaptativa frente a la crisis. A la evaluación, los indicadores alcanzaron puntuaciones más altas validando la efectividad de la intervención. CONCLUSIONES. El Modelo de Stuart de Adaptación al Estrés facilita la comprensión de fenómenos de cuidado particulares en la Enfermería de Salud Mental. Su inclusión en la práctica fortalecería la función profesional con mayor validez científica.

INTRODUCTION. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a phenomenon with biological, psychological and social implications that have affected people in a variety of circumstances. At times it has increased their vulnerability and suffering, which led to the implementation of specific services around the world to address their mental health needs. In this context, we presentthe interpersonal relationship between the Mental Health nurse, guided by The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model, with an individual in a crisis situation. OBJECTIVE. Analyze a Mental Health Nursing intervention in a crisis situation based on The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model. METHODOLOGY. The approach was developed in a virtual modality with a middle-aged adult. It was guided by The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model, following the application of third generation Nursing Process and crisis intervention therapy. The standardized languages NANDA-I, NOC, NIC were used to develop the intervention plan. RESULTS. The care plan was implemented according to the person's needs, generating an adaptive response to the crisis. On evaluation, the indicators reached higher scores, validating the effectiveness of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS. The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model facilitates the understanding of specific care phenomena in Mental Health Nursing. Its inclusion in practice would strengthen professional practice with greater scientific validity.

Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation.

COVID survivors frequently experience lingering neurological symptoms that resemble cancer-therapy-related cognitive impairment, a syndrome for which white matter microglial reactivity and consequent neural dysregulation is central. Here, we explored the neurobiological effects of respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection and found white-matter-selective microglial reactivity in mice and humans. Following mild respiratory COVID in mice, persistently impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, decreased oligodendrocytes, and myelin loss were evident together with elevated CSF cytokines/chemokines including CCL11. Systemic CCL11 administration specifically caused hippocampal microglial reactivity and impaired neurogenesis. Concordantly, humans with lasting cognitive symptoms post-COVID exhibit elevated CCL11 levels. Compared with SARS-CoV-2, mild respiratory influenza in mice caused similar patterns of white-matter-selective microglial reactivity, oligodendrocyte loss, impaired neurogenesis, and elevated CCL11 at early time points, but after influenza, only elevated CCL11 and hippocampal pathology persisted. These findings illustrate similar neuropathophysiology after cancer therapy and respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection which may contribute to cognitive impairment following even mild COVID.

Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain.

Survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection frequently experience lingering neurological symptoms, including impairment in attention, concentration, speed of information processing and memory. This long-COVID cognitive syndrome shares many features with the syndrome of cancer therapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). Neuroinflammation, particularly microglial reactivity and consequent dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, is central to CRCI. We hypothesized that similar cellular mechanisms may contribute to the persistent neurological symptoms associated with even mild SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Here, we explored neuroinflammation caused by mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection - without neuroinvasion - and effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and the oligodendroglial lineage. Using a mouse model of mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection induced by intranasal SARS-CoV-2 delivery, we found white matter-selective microglial reactivity, a pattern observed in CRCI. Human brain tissue from 9 individuals with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits the same pattern of prominent white matter-selective microglial reactivity. In mice, pro-inflammatory CSF cytokines/chemokines were elevated for at least 7-weeks post-infection; among the chemokines demonstrating persistent elevation is CCL11, which is associated with impairments in neurogenesis and cognitive function. Humans experiencing long-COVID with cognitive symptoms (48 subjects) similarly demonstrate elevated CCL11 levels compared to those with long-COVID who lack cognitive symptoms (15 subjects). Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, decreased oligodendrocytes and myelin loss in subcortical white matter were evident at 1 week, and persisted until at least 7 weeks, following mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. Taken together, the findings presented here illustrate striking similarities between neuropathophysiology after cancer therapy and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and elucidate cellular deficits that may contribute to lasting neurological symptoms following even mild SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Relação entre a depressão e o apoio social percebido nos estudantes de enfermagem no contexto de comportamentos suicidas / The relation between depression and perceived social support in nursing students in the context of suicidal behaviors / Relación depresión y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de conductas suicidas

RESUMO Objetivo determinar a relação entre a depressão e o apoio social percebido nos estudantes de enfermagem no contexto de comportamentos suicidas. Método análise secundária de dados de um estudo anterior. Amostra do censo dos estudantes de enfermagem na Costa Rica. Coleta de dados realizada por LimeSurvey during 2020 por meio de questionário autoadministrado composto por seção de dados sociodemográficos, inventário de depressão Beck-II e escala multidimensional de apoio social percebido. Foram utilizadas a análise descritiva e a correlação de Pearson. Resultados A maioria era do sexo feminino (79,5%), com idade média de 22,15 anos; 85,8% referiram depressão ligeira a mínima; 92,2% referiram elevado apoio social percebido. Foi identificada correlação inversa significativa entre o nível de depressão e a percepção do apoio social (r=-0,44, p<0,01). Conclusão Amplia-se a compreensão acerca das condições de saúde mental por parte da ciência da enfermagem para que se possa melhorar as práticas de cuidados em um grupo específico.

ABSTRACT Objective to determine the relationship between depression and perceived social support in nursing students in the context of suicidal behaviors. Method secondary analysis of data from a previous study. Sample from the census of nursing students in Costa Rica. Data collection performed by LimeSurvey during 2020 by means of self-administered questionnaire composed of sociodemographic data section, Beck-II depression inventory and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were used. Results The majority were female (79.5%), with a mean age of 22.15 years; 85.8% reported mild to minimal depression; 92.2% reported high perceived social support. A significant inverse correlation was identified between level of depression and perceived social support (r=-0.44, p<0.01). Conclusion The understanding about mental health conditions by nursing science is broadened to improve care practices in a specific group.

RESUMEN Objetivo determinar la relación entre depresión y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de las conductas suicidas. Método análisis secundario de datos de un estudio previo. Muestra censal en estudiantes de enfermería de Costa Rica. Recolección de datos realizada por LimeSurvey durante el 2020con una encuesta autoadministrada compuesta de sección de datos sociodemográficos, inventario de depresión de Beck-II y escala multidimensional de apoyo social percibido. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo y correlación de Pearson. Resultados la mayoría era del género femenino (79,5%), con un promedio de 22,15 años. El 85,8% manifestó un nivel mínimo-leve de depresión, el 92,2% evidenció un apoyo social percibido alto. Se identificó una correlación inversa significativa entre nivel de depresión y apoyo social percibido (r=-0.44, p<0.01). Conclusión se amplía la comprensión de condiciones de salud mental desde la ciencia de enfermería que podría mejorar las prácticas de cuidado en un grupo específico.

Biogeographic evidence supports the Old Amazon hypothesis for the formation of the Amazon fluvial system.

The Amazon has high biodiversity, which has been attributed to different geological events such as the formation of rivers. The Old and Young Amazon hypotheses have been proposed regarding the date of the formation of the Amazon basin. Different studies of historical biogeography support the Young Amazon model, however, most studies use secondary calibrations or are performed at the population level, preventing evaluation of a possible older formation of the Amazon basin. Here, we evaluated the fit of molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic data to previous models regarding the age of formation of the Amazon fluvial system. We reconstructed time-calibrated molecular phylogenies through Bayesian inference for six taxa belonging to Amphibia, Aves, Insecta and Mammalia, using both, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data and fossils as calibration points, and explored priors for both data sources. We detected the most plausible vicariant barriers for each phylogeny and performed an ancestral reconstruction analysis using areas bounded by major Amazonian rivers, and therefore, evaluated the effect of different dispersal rates over time based on geological and biogeographical information. The majority of the genes analyzed fit a relaxed clock model. The log normal distribution fits better and leads to more precise age estimations than the exponential distribution. The data suggested that the first dispersals to the Amazon basin occurred to Western Amazonia from 16.2-10.4 Ma, and the taxa covered most of the areas of the Amazon basin between 12.2-6.2 Ma. Additionally, regardless of the method, we obtained evidence for two rivers: Tocantins and Madeira, acting as vicariant barriers. Given the molecular and biogeographical analyses, we found that some taxa were fitted to the "Old Amazon" model.

Adaptación al español y validación de la Escala de Continuidad de Vínculos (ECV) con el ser querido fallecido / Adaptação ao espanhol e validação da escala de continuidade de vínculos (ECV) com o amado falecido / Spanish adaptation and validation of the Continuig Bonds Scale (CBS) with the deceased loved one

Este estudio presenta la validación española de la Escala de Continuidad deVínculos (ECV) compuesta por dos dimensiones: Interiorizada (10 ítems) y exteriorizada(6 ítems). Primero se realizó la traducción-retrotraducción. En la puesta a pruebaparticiparon 255 dolientes de Canarias (España) quienes respondieron mediante encuesta(febrero-marzo 2021). Perfil: mujeres, mediana edad, estudios superiores, laboralmenteactivas, tiempo desde la pérdida de 2-5 años y parentesco más común, progenitores. Laconsistencia interna arrojó un α de Cronbach=0,914 y correlaciones ítems-puntuacióntotal aceptables, en rangos 0,478-0,720. En fiabilidad test-retest las puntuaciones deacuerdo fueron excelentes (CCI=0,889; 0,795-0,940). En validación convergente, unacorrelación con la Escala de inclusión del otro en el yo de rs=-0,402 (p<0,001), niveladecuado. Para la validez de constructo concurrente las puntuaciones totales secorrelacionaron con variables sumatorias de duelo prolongado de Prigerson ydiagnósticos enfermeros NANDA-I: rs=0,568, rs=0,391, rs=0,408, y rs=0,446 (p<0,001).El análisis factorial confirmó dos dimensiones y la varianza total explicada fue 57,153%.Por último, la validez de grupos conocidos mostró diferencias según sexo, parentesco ycausa de muerte. La ECV adaptada y validada al contexto español, ECoVin, resulta uninstrumento válido, fiable y fácil de usar para evaluar la continuidad de vínculos con seresqueridos fallecidos.(AU)

This study presents the Spanish validation of the Continuituing Bonds Scale(CBS) composed of two dimensions: Internalised (10 items) and externalised (6 items).First, translation-retro translation was carried out. A total of 255 mourners from theCanary Islands (Spain) participated in the test and responded through a survey (February-March 2021). Profile: women, middle-aged, higher education, active at work, time sinceloss 2-5 years and most common relationship, parents. Internal consistency yielded aCronbach's α=0.914 and good item-total score correlations, ranging 0.478-0.720. In test-retest reliability, agreement scores were excellent (ICC=0.889; 0.795-0.940). Inconvergent validation, a correlation with the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) scaleof rs=-0.402 (p<0.001) was adequate. For concurrent construct validity total scorescorrelated with summative variables of Prigerson prolonged grief and NANDA-I nursingdiagnoses: rs=0.568, rs=0.391, rs=0.408, and rs=0.446 (p<0.001). Factor analysisconfirmed two dimensions, and the total variance explained was 57.153%. Finally,known-group validity showed differences according to sex, kinship and cause of death.The CBS adapted and validated to the Spanish context, ECoVin, is a valid, reliable andeasy-to-use instrument to assess the continuity of bonds with deceased loved ones.(AU)

Este estudo apresenta a validação espanhola da Escala de Continuidade deVínculos (ECV) composta por duas dimensões: internalizada (10 itens) e externalizada(6 itens). A tradução-retrotradução foi realizada primeiro. 255 enlutados das IlhasCanárias (Espanha) participaram do teste e responderam por meio de um inquérito(fevereiro-março de 2021). Perfil: mulheres, meia-idade, ensino superior, trabalho ativo,tempo desde a perda de 2-5 anos e relacionamento mais comum, pais. A consistênciainterna rendeu α de Cronbach = 0,914 e correlações item-pontuação total aceitáveis, emintervalos de 0,478-0,720. Na confiabilidade teste-reteste, os escores de concordânciaforam excelentes (ICC = 0,889; 0,795-0,940). Na validação convergente, correlação coma Escala de inclusão do outro no self de rs=-0,402 (p <0,001), nível adequado. Para avalidade de construto concorrente, os escores totais foram correlacionados com asvariáveis de soma do luto prolongado de Prigerson e os diagnósticos de enfermagem daNANDA-I: rs=0,568, rs=0,391, rs=0,408 e rs=0,446 (p <0,001). A análise fatorialconfirmou duas dimensões e a variância total explicada foi de 57,153%. Por fim, avalidade dos grupos conhecidos mostrou diferenças quanto ao sexo, parentesco e causada morte. O ECV adaptado e validado para o contexto espanhol, ECoVin, é uminstrumento válido, confiável e fácil de usar para avaliar a continuidade dos laços comamados falecidos.(AU)

Páramos Neotropicales como unidades biogeográficas

Introducción: El Páramo se ha definido desde diversos acercamientos, teniendo en cuenta factores de fácil reconocimiento o medición. A nivel biogeográfico se ha evaluado con métodos ampliamente criticados para la identificación de áreas de endemismo. El análisis de endemicidad, pese a su importancia y amplio reconocimiento, no se ha utilizado como herramienta para evaluar el Páramo. Objetivo: Determinar si los páramos neotropicales es una o varias unidades biogeográficas. Métodos: Incluimos registros de Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta y Spermatophyta, para los que encontramos 7 025 especies con 193 250 presencias viables obtenidas desde GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) [a septiembre de 2018]. Usamos cada grupo taxonómico como una partición independiente, y generamos particiones adicionales como plantas totales (Plantas-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), animales totales (Animales-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia) y evidencia total (Plantas-T + Animales-T). Utilizamos el criterio de optimalidad para identificar áreas de endemismo. Realizamos el análisis usando dos tamaños de cuadrícula 0.5 y 0.25°. Con las áreas obtenidas, calculamos la intersección con los polígonos que representan las definiciones de páramo generadas por otros autores. Resultados: Con los dos tamaños de cuadrícula identificamos áreas de endemismo en diferentes sectores; sin embargo, el tamaño de 0.25° nos permitió mayor resolución al identificar los sectores en alta montaña. Estos sectores corresponden a ocho zonas que denominamos subprovincias: Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Cordillera Central-Occidental, Norte de Ecuador, Centro-Sur de Ecuador y Talamanca, las cuales fueron congruentes entre un 4 y un 66 % con las definiciones previas. Conclusiones: Páramo se ha planteado como una sola unidad biogeográfica; sin embargo, dado nuestros análisis, lo identificamos como ocho subprovincias biogeográficas, congruentes con estudios previamente publicados.

Neotropical páramos as biogeographic units. Introduction: Páramo has been defined from various points of view, which take into account different factors that are easy to recognize or measure, nevertheless at the biogeographic level it has been evaluated with criticized methods used to identify historical units. The analysis of endemicity, despite its importance and wide recognition, has not been used as a tool to evaluate Páramo. Objective: Determine whether the neotropical Páramo is one or several biogeographic units. Methods: We included distributional records from Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta, and Spermatophyta. We found 7 025 species with 193 250 suitable occurrences obtained from the GBIF. We used each taxonomic group as an independent partition or as a component of a larger partition, such as total plants (Plants-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), or total animals (Animals-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia), or total evidence (Plants-T + Animals-T). In order to identify areas of endemism, we used the optimality criterion (NDM/VNDM) with grids of 0.5° or 0.25°. We calculated the intersection among polygons of previous definitions and the areas recovered in our analyses. Results: Both grid sizes, 0.25° and 0.5°, identified areas of endemism in different sectors along the Andean and Central American cordilleras, but only the 0.25° size allowed us to recognize areas/sectors with a higher resolution. We recovered eight areas, which were considered as subprovinces (Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Central-Western Cordillera, Northern Ecuador, Central-South Ecuador, and Talamanca). These areas were between 4 and 66 % consistent with previous definitions. Conclusions: Páramo has been considered a single biogeographic unit, however, given our analyses we identified it as a unit composed of eight biogeographic subprovinces, which is consistent with some published studies.

Abordaje de enfermería basado en el modelo de Peplau sobre el control de impulsos ineficaz / A nursing approach based on Peplau's model on ineffective impulse control

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la intervención de enfermería de salud mental con un usuario con diagnóstico de control de impulsos ineficaz relacionado con trastorno bipolar I. Síntesis del contenido: Se presenta el abordaje del caso a partir del proceso de enfermería y el uso del lenguaje estandarizado. Además, se analiza la intervención de enfermería de salud mental teniendo en cuenta la propuesta de Peplau. Conclusión: Es necesaria la participación de la enfermería de salud mental en el abordaje de personas con trastorno mental a partir de estrategias propias de la profesión.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a intervenção de enfermagem de saúde mental com um usuário com diagnóstico de controle de impulsos ineficaz relacionado com transtorno bipolar I. Síntese do conteúdo: Apresenta-se a abordagem do caso a partir do processo de enfermagem e do uso da linguagem padronizada. Além disso, analisa-se a intervenção de enfermagem de saúde mental de acordo com a proposta de Peplau. Conclusão: É necessária a participação da enfermagem de saúde mental na abordagem de pessoas com transtorno mental a partir de estratégias próprias da profissão.

Abstract Objective: Analyze mental health nursing intervention with a user with an ineffective impulse control diagnosis related to bipolar disorder I. Synthesis of the contents: The approach to the case is presented from the nursing process and the use of standardized language. In addition, mental health nursing intervention is analyzed considering Peplau's proposal. Conclusion: Mental health nursing participation in addressing people with mental disorder is necessary based on strategies specific to the profession.

Infectivity of murine papillomavirus in the surgical byproducts of treated tail warts.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly stable DNA virus that causes disease in human organ systems, including the larynx and oropharynx. The treatment of HPV-associated diseases with scalpels, lasers, and other surgical instruments has the potential to release infectious particles, placing healthcare workers at risk. The objectives of this study were to create a reproducible in vivo animal model of papillomavirus infectivity and to compare the infectivity of byproducts of surgically treated mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) warts. STUDY DESIGN: Animal study. METHODS: Nude laboratory mice (Mus musculus) with established MmuPV1 tail warts were treated with scalpel excision, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser ablation, and coblator treatment. Uninfected nude mice were challenged with surgical byproducts, including ablated and heated tissue, and surgical smoke products. The incidence and time course of the appearance of warts was recorded. RESULTS: There was rapid transmission of virus in mice challenged with scalpel-treated warts, with 50% penetrance of infection at day 13 and 100% at day 32. For KTP-treated warts, there was the slower development of infection (50% by day 35) but 100% penetrance by day 52. Coblator-treated tissue reached 50% penetrance at day 59 and a maximum of 73% penetrance. Smoke plume captured during treatment with the KTP laser and coblator was highly infectious, as was the material captured in a laser filter. CONCLUSIONS: MmuPV1 remains infectious in all modes of surgically treated tissue, and the smoke plume is capable of transmitting infection. Healthcare workers should use appropriate precautions to lower their risk of infection when treating papillomavirus-associated diseases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 130:712-717, 2020.

Desafíos para la enfermería de salud mental después del COVID-19 / Challenges for mental health nursing after COVID-19 / Desafios para a enfermagem em saúde mental após o COVID-19

La enfermería de salud mental se centra en el cuidado a partir de las relaciones interpersonales, es guiada por un marco teórico y metodológico propio que la convierten en una profesión autónoma. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado la salud mental de muchas personas poniendo a prueba todos los niveles de atención de la salud. Por lo que en este artículo se busca describir las realidades, los avances y los desafíos para la enfermería de salud mental después de la pandemia por COVID-19. Se exponen algunos elementos que podrían mejorar la calidad de los servicios en esta área, dentro de los que se mencionan el desarrollo de: Investigación en e-salud, enfermería de salud mental en el hospital general, cuidado remoto, manejo del duelo, medios de comunicación y cooperación en equipo. La enfermería de salud mental debe aprovechar los desafíos que genera la pandemia por COVID-19 para innovar su ejercicio profesional basado en evidencia científica.

Mental health nursing focuses on care from interpersonal relationships, is guided by its theoretical framework and methodological framework that make it an autonomous profession. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health of many people, testing all levels of health care. Therefore, this article seeks to describe the realities, advances, and challenges for mental health nursing after the COVID-19 pandemic. Some elements that could improve the quality of the services are exposed, within which the development of: e-health research, mental health nursing in the general hospital, remote care, grief management, media and cooperation are mentioned. team up. Mental health nursing must take advantage of the challenges generated by the COVID-19 pandemic to innovate their professional practice based on scientific evidence.

A enfermagem em saúde mental concentra-se no cuidado a partir das relações interpessoais, é guiada por seu próprio referencial teórico e metodológico que o torna uma profissão autônoma. A pandemia do COVID-19 afetou a saúde mental de muitas pessoas, testando todos os níveis de assistência médica. Portanto, este artigo busca descrever as realidades, avanços e desafios da enfermagem em saúde mental após a pandemia COVID-19. São expostos alguns elementos que podem melhorar a qualidade dos serviços, nos quais são mencionados o desenvolvimento de: pesquisa em e-saúde, enfermagem em saúde mental no hospital geral, cuidados remotos, gerenciamento de luto, mídia e cooperação. em equipe. A enfermagem em saúde mental deve aproveitar os desafios gerados pela pandemia do COVID-19 para inovar sua prática profissional com base em evidências científicas.

Validation of DAPT score for prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the rate of ischemic events but increases bleeding risk. DAPT score helps identify patients who benefit from prolonged DAPT. Nevertheless, its accuracy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to validate the use of DAPT score to predict ischemic and bleeding events in patients undergoing PCI for AMI and who received prolonged DAPT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included a cohort of patients with AMI who underwent PCI with stent placement and were treated with DAPT for more than 12 months. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty subjects were included in the final analysis (age: 64 ± 12 years, 78% men, median follow-up: 31 months). Ischemic event (reinfarction or revascularization of target vessel or lesion) occurred in 17% and bleeding occurred in 5% of patients. DAPT score demonstrated modest prediction performance for ischemic events (C-statistic: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.68, p<0.001) and a good prediction performance for bleeding events (C-statistic: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.92, p<0.001). Subjects with a DAPT score ≥2 had a greater risk of ischemic events (hazard risk [HR]: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2-7.8, p = 0.019) and a lower risk of bleeding (HR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07-0.79, p = 0.019). Kaplan-Meier curves at 4 years showed that patients with a DAPT score ≥2 had lower ischemic-free survival rates (79% ± 4 vs. 90% ± 5, p = 0.0137) and higher bleeding-free survival rates (97% ± 2 vs. 90% ± 4, p = 0.0106). CONCLUSIONS: DAPT score is useful in patients with AMI, and a cut-off value of 2 identifies patients with a higher risk of ischemic events who might benefit from prolonged DAPT.