Brain-anatomy image data set for problem solving associated with reversal error: Volumetric data.

Reversal Error (RE) is a common error in algebra problem solving. This error occurs when students recognize the information in the statement but make mistakes when translating some sentences from natural language to algebraic language, reversing the relationship between two variables in comparison word problems. Structural Magnetic Resonance Image (sMRI) data were collected with the purpose of identifying brain anatomical regions related to the RE phenomenon. The aim of the research was to investigate the brain anatomy differences between participants who failed more than 50% of the answers on the task (N=15) and those who responded correctly 100% of the time (N=18). sMRI analysis revealed differences between the two groups, and details about these data can be found in Ventura-Campos et al. (2022) [1]. This data set contains the sMRI (raw data, pre-processed images), and an excel file with personal information such as age and gender, the scanner with which their sMRI were collected, and the group to which each of the 33 subjects belonged.

PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Exposure to traumatic stress can lead to fear dysregulation, which has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous work showed that a polymorphism in the PACAP-PAC1R (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) system is associated with PTSD risk in women, and PACAP (ADCYAP1)-PAC1R (ADCYAP1R1) are highly expressed in the hypothalamus. Here, we show that female mice subjected to acute stress immobilization (IMO) have fear extinction impairments related to Adcyap1 and Adcyap1r1 mRNA upregulation in the hypothalamus, PACAP-c-Fos downregulation in the Medial Amygdala (MeA), and PACAP-FosB/ΔFosB upregulation in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus dorsomedial part (VMHdm). DREADD-mediated inhibition of MeA neurons projecting to the VMHdm during IMO rescues both PACAP upregulation in VMHdm and the fear extinction impairment. We also found that women with the risk genotype of ADCYAP1R1 rs2267735 polymorphism have impaired fear extinction.

The role of personality dimensions, depressive symptoms and other psychosocial variables in predicting postpartum suicidal ideation: a cohort study.

Suicidability has been associated with neuroticism and psychoticism, but its role during perinatal period has not been analyzed. We explore the association between personality dimensions, depressive symptoms, and other psychosocial variables in postpartum suicidal ideation. A cohort of 1795 healthy Spanish women from the general population was assessed for suicidal ideation (EPDS-Item10) in early postpartum, 8 and 32 weeks postpartum. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and reproductive variables, psychiatric history, social support, stressful life-events during pregnancy, depressive symptoms (EPDS), and the Eysenck's personality dimensions (EPQ-RS) were also assessed at baseline. A major depressive episode (DSM-IV) was confirmed in women with EPDS>10 at follow-up assessments. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was reported as odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Seven percent of mothers reported suicidal ideation during the first 8 months postpartum. Sixty-two percent of women with suicidal ideation had a major depressive episode at 8 weeks, and 70% at 32 weeks postpartum. Neuroticism and psychoticism predicted suicidal ideation throughout the first 2 weeks after delivery (OR, 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.06; and OR, 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05 respectively). Early postpartum depressive symptoms (OR 1.2; 95%CI 1.11-1.26), personal psychiatric history (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.33-3.27), and stressful life events during pregnancy (OR 1.88; 95%CI 1.12-3.16) also emerged as predictors of postpartum suicidal ideation. Analysis of women for postpartum suicidal ideation should include not only psychiatric symptoms but also psychosocial assessment (i.e., covering psychiatric history, stressful events, or long-standing personality vulnerabilities) in order to identify those in need of early psychosocial or psychiatric care.

Coping strategies and postpartum depressive symptoms: A structural equation modelling approach.

BACKGROUND: Variables such as the mother's personality, social support, coping strategies and stressful events have been described as risk factors for postpartum depression. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis was used to examine whether neuroticism, perceived social support, perceived life events, and coping strategies are associated with postpartum depressive symptoms at the 8th and 32nd weeks. METHODS: A total of 1626 pregnant women participated in a longitudinal study. Different evaluations were performed 8 and 32weeks after delivery. Several measures were used: the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-RS), the St. Paul Ramsey life events scale and the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. The brief COPE scale was used to measure coping strategies. SEM analysis was conducted for all women and in those women with a clinical diagnosis of postpartum depression. RESULTS: Passive coping strategies were associated with postpartum depressive symptoms at both visits (8th and 32nd weeks). Neuroticism was associated with more passive coping strategies and less active coping strategies. Neuroticism and life stress were positively correlated, and social support was negatively correlated with life stress and neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of potential risk for symptomatology of depression postpartum should include assessment of neuroticism, life events, social support and coping strategies.

Diagnóstico casual de un síndrome de Gitelman / Casual diagnosis of Gitelman's syndrome

El síndrome de Gitelman es una tubulopatía de herencia autosómica recesiva en el que la alteración fundamental se halla en el túbulo distal, concretamente a nivel del cotransportador Na/Cl, sensible a las tiazidas, codificado en el cromosoma 16q. Cursa con alcalosis metabólica con normotensión, hipopotasemia, así como hipomagnesemia e hipocalciuria que la diferencian del síndrome de Bartter. Su diagnóstico puede demorarse hasta la edad adulta ya que los pacientes pueden mantenerse asintomáticos durante largos períodos de tiempo. El tratamiento consiste en suplementos orales de potasio y magnesio, así como también se ha descrito la utilidad de diuréticos ahorradores de potasio e indometacina (AU)

Gitelman's syndrome is a renal tubule disease of recessive autosomal inheritance in which the fundamental alteration is found in the distal tubule, specifically at the level of the Na/Cl cotransporter, is sensitive to thiazides, and coded in chromosome 16q. It is characterised by a metabolic alkalosis with normal blood pressure, hypokalaemia, as well as hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria, which separate it from Bartter's syndrome. Its diagnosis can be delayed up to the adult age, as patients may remain asymptomatic for long periods of time. The treatment consists of oral supplements of potassium and magnesium, and the use of potassium-sparing diuretics and indomethacin has also been described (AU)

[Casual diagnosis of Gitelman's syndrome]. / Diagnóstico casual de un síndrome de Gitelman.

Gitelman's syndrome is a renal tubule disease of recessive autosomal inheritance in which the fundamental alteration is found in the distal tubule, specifically at the level of the Na/Cl cotransporter, is sensitive to thiazides, and coded in chromosome 16q. It is characterised by a metabolic alkalosis with normal blood pressure, hypokalaemia, as well as hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria, which separate it from Bartter's syndrome. Its diagnosis can be delayed up to the adult age, as patients may remain asymptomatic for long periods of time. The treatment consists of oral supplements of potassium and magnesium, and the use of potassium-sparing diuretics and indomethacin has also been described.

Are women with a history of abuse more vulnerable to perinatal depressive symptoms? A systematic review.

The objective of this paper is to examine the association between maternal lifetime abuse and perinatal depressive symptoms. Papers included in this review were identified through electronic searches of the following databases: Pubmed Medline and Ovid, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. Each database was searched from its start date through 1 September 2011. Keywords such as "postpartum," "perinatal," "prenatal," "depression," "violence," "child abuse," and "partner abuse" were included in the purview of MeSH terms. Studies that examined the association between maternal lifetime abuse and perinatal depression were included. A total of 545 studies were included in the initial screening. Forty-three articles met criteria for inclusion and were incorporated in this review. Quality of articles was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale (NOS). This systematic review indicates a positive association between maternal lifetime abuse and depressive symptoms in the perinatal period.

Mood changes after delivery: role of the serotonin transporter gene.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphic variations in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) moderate the depressogenic effects of tryptophan depletion. After childbirth there is a sharp reduction in brain tryptophan availability, thus polymorphic variations in 5-HTT may play a similar role in the post-partum period. AIMS: To study the role of 5-HTT polymorphic variations in mood changes after delivery. METHOD: One thousand, eight hundred and four depression-free Spanish women were studied post-partum. We evaluated depressive symptoms at 2-3 days, 8 weeks and 32 weeks post-partum. We used diagnostic interview to confirm major depression for all probable cases. Based on two polymorphisms of 5-HTT (5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR), three genotype combinations were created to reflect different levels of 5-HTT expression. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-three women (12.7%) experienced major depression during the 32-week post-partum period. Depressive symptoms were associated with the high-expression 5-HTT genotypes in a dose-response fashion at 8 weeks post-partum, but not at 32 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: High-expression 5-HTT genotypes may render women more vulnerable to depressive symptoms after childbirth.

[The main health problems according to patients' opinion]. / Los principales problemas de salud según la opinión de los usuarios.

OBJECTIVE: To know the health problems or diseases that patients of 2 basic health areas (BHA) assess as the most important for Spanish population and for themselves; to know if any relation exists between these problems and their existence in the family or social patients' environment. DESIGN: An observational cross-sectional and descriptive study. SETTING: Four clinics of the BHA Sant Josep (L'Hospitalet de Llobregat) and 2 clinics of the BHA Sant Martí (Barcelonés).Patients. The sample consists of 360 patients aged above 26 years who attended clinics for some health problem. Participants were chosen by a randomised systematic sampling, from May to October 2000. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were gathered from a questionnaire of ten items. According with the participants, the main problems for Spanish population and for themselves were: cancer, cardiovascular diseases and AIDS. Cancer (58,61%; 95% CI, 53,53-63,69) and AIDS (15,27%; 95% CI, 11,56-18,98) are the problems pointed out as research priorities. The aparato locomotor (22,10%; 95% CI, 17,82-26,38), hypertension (14,74%; 95% CI, 11,08-18,40) and diabetes (13,14%, 95% CI, 9,66-16,62) are the main problems suffered by the surveyed. Cancer is the disease that more participants' relatives suffered. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the pathologies that cause more concern among the surveyed and these are the diseases which mostly affect their relatives and relationships. Nevertheless their worry for the AIDS don't show their immediate reality. Frequently, patients don't recognize the health problem that motivated their visit as a real disease.

Los principales problemas de salud según la opinión de los usuarios / The main health problems according to patients' opinion

Objetivo. Conocer los problemas de salud o enfermedades que los usuarios de 2 áreas básicas de salud (ABS) consideran más importantes para la población española y para sí mismos; averiguar si existe relación entre estos problemas y los que afectan a miembros de su entorno familiar y social. Diseño. Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo. Emplazamiento. Cuatro y 2 consultas de las ABS Sant Josep (L'Hospitalet de Llobregat) y San Martí (Barcelonés), respectivamente. Pacientes. Se incluyeron 360 pacientes mayores de 26 años que acudieron a las consultas por algún problema de salud. Los participantes fueron elegidos por muestreo aleatorio sistemático entre los meses de mayo y octubre de 2000.Mediciones y resultados principales. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de una encuesta con 10 preguntas. En opinión de los participantes, los principales problemas de salud en la población española y para sí mismos fueron: cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y sida. El cáncer (58,61 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 53,53-63,69) y el sida (15,27 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 11,56-18,98) fueron los problemas considerados como prioritarios para la investigación. Los problemas del aparato locomotor (22,10 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 17,82-26,38), la hipertensión (14,74 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 11,08-18,40) y la diabetes (13,14 por ciento, IC del 95 por ciento, 9,66-16,62) fueron los principales problemas que afirmaron tener los encuestados. Conclusiones. El cáncer y las enfermedades cardiovasculares se revelan como las que más preocupan a los encuestados y que afectan a más miembros de su entorno familiar y social. En cambio, su preocupación por el sida no refleja la realidad de dicho entorno. Con frecuencia no reconocen el problema de salud que ha motivado su visita como una verdadera enfermedad. (AU)

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase potentiates serotonin-induced Egr-1 binding activity in PC12 cells.

The NO/cyclic GMP (cGMP) signal transduction pathway, which involves the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), regulates transcription of several genes, including immediate early genes. Using transfection experiments with the PKG-Ialpha cDNA cloned from human aorta, we show here that addition of membrane-permeable cGMP analogues to PC12 cells slightly upregulated ERK MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase. Likewise, PKG-Ialpha was found to activate weakly DNA binding activity of the Egr-1 transcription factor. On the other hand, PKG-Ialpha overexpression was shown to tremendously amplify the Egr-1 binding activity induced by the neurotransmitter serotonin, which activates egr-1 gene expression also via the stimulation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Since this potentiation occurred neither at the level of ERK nor at the egr-1 transcriptional level, the mechanism of amplification probably results from the convergence of ERK and PKG pathways at the level of the transcription factor Egr-1.

Cyclic AMP-elevating agents induce the expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 in PC12 cells.

Stimulation of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells by cAMP-elevating agents caused the induction of the immediate early gene 3CH134, which encodes MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Forskolin was as potent as serum in stimulating MKP-1 gene expression, whereas dibutyryl-cAMP and neuropeptide PACAP were less effective. Induction of the MKP-1 gene was accompanied by neo-synthesis of MKP-1 protein. MAP kinase activation was not involved in the cAMP-induced MKP-1 gene expression. The MAP kinase inactivation, that would result from MKP-1 induction in response to increased intracellular cAMP level, contributes to explain how hormones or neurotransmitters signaling through cAMP influence cell growth and differentiation.

[Acute blood pressure elevations]. / Elévations aiguës de la pression artérielle.

Blood pressure (BP) elevations may correspond to different clinical situations. Hypertensives emergencies are situations that require immediate reduction in BP because of acute or rapidly progressing target organ damage: accelerated malignant hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, acute myocardial infarction, acute aortic dissection, acute left ventricular failure, and eclampsia. Hypertensive urgencies are those with marked elevated BP in which it is desirable to reduce BP progressively within few hours, such as severe hypertension, progressive target organ damage, perioperative hypertension. Cerebrovascular accidents have to be individualized. In most patients in the immediate post-stroke period, BP should not be lowered. Caution is advised in lowering BP in these patients because excessive falls may precipitate cerebral ischemia. In situations without symptoms or progressive target organ it is necessary to exclude proximate causes of elevated BP such as pain and elevated BP alone rarely requires antihypertensive treatment. Among parenteral antihypertensive (AH) drugs labetalol, nicardipine, urapidil, and nitroprussiate are generally used, and the choice of AH drug depends on the clinical situation. It is not required to normalize BP immediately but to reduce mean BP no more than 25%, then toward 160/100 mmHg as recommended by JNC VI, in order to avoid an impairment of renal, cerebral or coronary ischemia. Oral long-acting dihydropyridines are often subsequently administrated, except in myocardial ischemia. Therapeutic attitudes vary considerably according to the clinical situation: abstention, immediate decrease or progressive decrease in BP have to be decided.

5-Hydroxytryptamine induces TIS8/egr-1 and c-fos expression in PC12 cells. Involvement of tyrosine protein phosphorylation.

The TIS8/egr-1 gene is a member of the class of immediate early genes. Originally discovered as a mitogen-induced gene, it can also be induced by synaptic activity. We report here the induction of the TIS8/egr-1 gene by the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in cultured rat phaeochromocytoma PC12 cells. Induction was maximal 40 min after addition of 5-HT to the cells, and declined very rapidly to reach the basal level after 90 min. The electrophoretic mobility-shift assay showed that induction of the TIS8/egr-1 gene by 5-HT was accompained by increased Egr-1 protein binding to its DNA consensus sequence. We found an overall correlation of 5-HT-induced egr-1 expression with that of c-fos expression. The kinetics of the ability of both gene products to bind to their respective DNA consensus sequence was also similar. The 5-HT-induced activation in Egr-1 binding was inhibited by ketanserin and mesulergine, indicating that 5-HT exerted its action via a 5-HT2 receptor subtype. The tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor genistein abolished induction of the TIS8/egr-1 gene, suggesting that tyrosine kinase activity is required for the induction of early genes by 5-HT. Genistein also inhibited 5-HT-induced Egr-1 binding activity. The increase in phosphotyrosine content of focal adhesion kinase we noticed upon addition of 5-HT to cells suggests that this cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinase mediates the effect of 5-HT in eliciting early gene induction.

Immediate early gene induction by natriuretic peptides in PC12 phaeochromocytoma and C6 glioma cells.

The effect of the natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP and CNP on cGMP formation and immediate early gene expression was investigated in PC12 phaeochromocytoma and C6 glioma cell lines. The three natriuretic peptides were shown to rapidly induce c-fos, TIS8/egr-1 and junB mRNA expression in both cell lines, via stimulation of the cGMP pathway. CNP stimulated cGMP formation and gene induction more potently than the other peptides in C6 cells, and this was statistically significant. In contrast, the three peptides produced similar gene induction in PC12 cells, despite the higher cGMP accumulation evoked by ANP or BNP. CNP was also found to increase DNA binding activity of the transcription factor AP1 in both cell types, demonstrating that natriuretic peptides potentially regulate key cellular gene expression.

Induction of c-fos, jun B and egr-1 expression by haloperidol in PC12 cells: involvement of calcium.

Acute injection of haloperidol, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, is known to increase immediate early gene expression of the fos and jun families in rodent striatal neurons. A set of gene induction, including c-fos, jun B and TIS8/egr-1, was found when haloperidol was added to PC12 cells in culture. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays show that haloperidol-evoked gene induction was accompanied by a transient and dose-dependent increase in AP1 and EGR-1 binding activities in these cells. Gene expression is tentatively explained by the rapid and transient increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration observed upon haloperidol addition. The cytosolic calcium rise and AP1 binding activation elicited by haloperidol were dependent on extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that haloperidol exerted its effects by promoting Ca2+ entry into PC12 cells. The haloperidol-induced increase in AP1 binding activity and intracellular Ca2+ was not reproduced by two other dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, sulpiride and (+)-butaclamol.

Denial mechanisms in myocardial infarction: their relations with psychological variables and short-term outcome.

From a selected sample of 97 males suffering from a first myocardial infarction, 67 patients were studied to ascertain the influence of denial mechanisms (DM) on their cardiological and psychological outcome. There were no differences among high deniers and low deniers with respect to the cardiological outcome, but high deniers showed less anxiety and depressive reactions both in the coronary unit and 1 month later, and also presented less psychopathology in general. In the last evaluation, one year after leaving the hospital (N = 52), there was no difference among deniers and non deniers in demand for psychiatric attention.