Vitamin D intake and dietary sources in a representative sample of Spanish adults.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D plays an essential role in bone mineralisation and its deficiency is associated with several chronic diseases. Some studies have reported a deficient status of vitamin D in Spanish and European population. The present study aimed to assess vitamin D intake, dietary sources of this nutrient and its adequacy with respect to the dietary reference intakes (DRI) in a representative sample of Spanish adults. METHODS: Four hundred and eighteen adults (aged 18-60 years) from 15 Spanish provinces were studied. They constituted a representative sample of the Spanish adult population. Energy and nutrient intake were determined using a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire for two consecutive days. Vitamin D intake was compared with the DRI for this vitamin. RESULTS: Mean (SD) vitamin D intake was 3.5 (4.0) µg day(-1) (69.5% of the DRI). Of the participants studied, 81.6% had vitamin D intakes below the DRI and 68.7% had intakes below 67% of the DRI. Of the vitamin D, 91.4% came from food sources and 8.6% came from dietary supplements. The main food sources of vitamin D were fish, eggs, dairy products, cereals, oils and meat. In addition, those subjects who met the DRI for vitamin D had a higher consumption of fish, vegetables and fruits and a lower consumption of meats than those subjects who did not meet the DRI. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D intake was inadequate in the sample of the adult Spanish population. Therefore, an increase in the consumption of oily fish, as well as fortified dairy products and cereals, might help to improve vitamin D intake.

[Folate status in Spanish schoolchildren and its association with parental smoking habits]. / Situación de folatos en escolares españoles y su asociación con la presencia del hábito tabáquico en los padres.

AIM: To study the folate status in a group of Spanish schoolchildren and its association with parental smoking habits. METHODS: A group of 511 schoolchildren between 9 and 12 years old from Madrid (Spain) were studied. Parental smoking habits were self-reported by a questionnaire. Energy and nutrients intake (especially folates) were calculated with a "3-day diet record" and during two days (Monday and Tuesday) the food consumption was controlled in the school canteen using the "precise weighing method" (recording the weights of food served and leftovers on the plate). Folate intake of the sample was compared with the recommended intakes (RI) for this vitamin. Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine were determined. Student's t-test, Mann Whitney Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation, ANCOVA, MANCOVA and multiple linear regression were applied for statistical analysis. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Vegetable and fruit consumption, folate intake and its coverage to recommended folate intake (I/RI%) and serum folate levels were higher in children of nonsmoking mothers than in children of smoking mothers. Serum folate level in 13.3% of the children studied was below 6 ng/mL (moderate deficit), and in 0.26% was below 3 ng/mL (severe deficit). Taking into account others confounding factors a negative and significant correlation was observed between serum folate levels of children and smoking habits in mothers (r = -0.257, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The maternal smoking habits might determine folate intake and serum folate levels on their offspring.

Situación de folatos en escolares españoles y su asociación con la presencia del hábito tabáquico en los padres / Folate status in Spanish schoolchildren and its association with parental smoking habits

Objetivo: Estudiar la situación de folatos de escolares españoles y su asociación con la presencia del hábito tabáquico en los padres. Métodos: Se estudiaron 511 escolares entre 9 y 12 años de Madrid (España). La información sobre el hábito tabáquico de los padres fue autodeclarada. La ingesta de energía y de nutrientes (especialmente folatos) se calculó utilizando el método de registro de alimentos durante tres días (de domingo a martes) y en dos de ellos (lunes y martes) se procedió a controlar los alimentos consumidos en el comedor escolar, utilizando el método de pesada precisa individual (pesando alimentos servidos y restos dejados en el plato). La ingesta de folatos se comparó con la ingesta recomendada (IR). Se analizaron las concentraciones séricas de folatos, vitamina B12 y homocisteína. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron los test de t-student, Mann Whitney, correlación de Pearson y Spearman, ANCOVA, MANCOVA y regresión lineal múltiple. Se consideraron valores significativos de P < 0,05. Resultados: El consumo de verduras, hortalizas y de frutas, la ingesta de folatos y su contribución a las ingestas recomendadas (I/IR%) y las concentraciones séricas de folatos fueron mayores en los hijos de madres no fumadoras que en los hijos de madres fumadoras. El 13,3% de los escolares presentaron cifras de folatos séricos inferiores a las indicadoras de deficiencia moderada (6 ng/mL) y un 0,26% mostraron deficiencia severa (3 ng/mL). Teniendo en cuenta variables interferentes se observó una correlación negativa y significativa entre las concentraciones séricas de folatos de los escolares y el hábito tabáquico de la madre (r = -0,257, p = 0,01). Conclusión: La presencia del hábito tabáquico en la madre condiciona la ingesta dietética y las concentraciones séricas de folatos en sus descendientes (AU)

Aim: To study the folate status in a group of Spanish schoolchildren and its association with parental smoking habits. Methods: A group of 511 schoolchildren between 9 and 12 years old from Madrid (Spain) were studied. Parental smoking habits were self-reported by a questionnaire. Energy and nutrients intake (especially folates) were calculated with a "3-day diet record" and during two days (Monday and Tuesday) the food consumption was controlled in the school canteen using the "precise weighing method" (recording the weights of food served and leftovers on the plate). Folate intake of the sample was compared with the recommended intakes (RI) for this vitamin. Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine were determined. Student's t-test, Mann Whitney Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation, ANCOVA, MANCOVA and multiple linear regression were applied for statistical analysis. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Vegetable and fruit consumption, folate intake and its coverage to recommended folate intake (I/RI%) and serum folate levels were higher in children of nonsmoking mothers than in children of smoking mothers. Serum folate level in 13.3% of the children studied was below 6 ng/mL (moderate deficit), and in 0.26% was below 3 ng/mL (severe deficit). Taking into account others confounding factors a negative and significant correlation was observed between serum folate levels of children and smoking habits in mothers (r = -0.257, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The maternal smoking habits might determine folate intake and serum folate levels on their offspring (AU)