Healthcare-associated infections on the intensive care unit in 21 Brazilian hospitals during the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: An ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis and may have affected healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention strategies. We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HAI incidence in Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: In this ecological study, we compared adult patients admitted to the ICU from April through June 2020 (pandemic period) with the same period in 2019 (prepandemic period) in 21 Brazilian hospitals. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test in a pairwise analysis to compare the following differences between the pandemic and the prepandemic periods: microbiologically confirmed central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence density (cases per 1,000 central line and ventilator days, respectively), the proportion of organisms that caused HAI, and antibiotic consumption (DDD). RESULTS: We detected a significant increase in median CLABSI incidence during the pandemic: 1.60 (IQR, 0.44-4.20) vs 2.81 (IQR, 1.35-6.89) (P = .002). We did not detect a significant difference in VAP incidence between the 2 periods. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the proportion of CLABSI caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Candida spp during the pandemic, although only the latter retained statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. We did not detect a significant change in ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, or vancomycin consumption between the studied periods. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in CLABSI incidence in Brazilian ICUs during the first months of COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we detected an increase in the proportion of CLABSI caused by E. faecalis and Candida spp during this period. CLABSI prevention strategies must be reinforced in ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

(1,3)-ß-D-glucan is able to predict therapeutic failure of patients with candidemia and not only mortality.

BACKGROUND: Candidemia is a major cause of bloodstream infection in tertiary hospitals worldwide and fungal biomarkers may provide early diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of (1-3)-ß-D-glucan (BDG) in the diagnosis of candidemia and its ability to predict therapeutic failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multi-centre study conducted in 3 Brazilian hospitals. Clinical outcome was evaluated along 2 weeks of treatment, and therapeutic failure was defined as the occurrence of persistent candidemia, Candida deep-seated infection or death. Baseline BDG detection was performed with the Fungitell® assay (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth-USA). RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 71 patients with candidemia and a control group with 110 healthy volunteers. The sensitivity and specificity of BDG for diagnosing candidemia were as follows: 71.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 59.7% - 81.5%) and 98.2% (95% CI 92.9% - 99.7%), respectively. The only predictor of therapeutic failure was a higher BDG value at diagnosis of candidemia; a value > 226 pg/mL predicted failure with sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 78%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A high baseline serum BDG value was associated with therapeutic failure.

Cuidar da criança com condição crónica: intervenções de enfermagem para promoção do sentimento de normalização / Caring for children with chronic conditions: nursing interventions to promote a feeling of normalization

As transições, embora sejam uma constante da vida do ser humano, representam, necessariamente, um desafio, uma vez que implicam um estado de particular instabilidade (Meleis, 2010). Dos momentos que desencadeiam processos de transição, o diagnóstico de uma condição crónica adquire particular importância para a enfermagem, especialmente, em contexto de saúde infantil e pediatria. A resposta mais comum dos povos ocidentais, a uma condição crónica é a nornmalização (Anderson & Chung, 1982). No entanto, esta normalização nem sempre é atingida, pelo que é necessário identificar as barreiras existentes à vivência do sentimento de normalização em situação de condição crónica, assim como as intervenções de enfermagem promotoras do mesmo em crianças/jovens e famílias. O percurso académico que culmina na elaboração do presente relatório privilegiou a interação com peritos, a reflexão sobre a prática, e a integração teóricoprática. Para tal, foram realizados estágios em diferentes contextos clínicos e atividades que permitissem dar resposta à problemática identificada, visando adquirir competências gerais e específicas de Enfermeiro Especialista. As atividades realizadas têm uma lógica de crescente complexidade pelo que, inicialmente, se elaboraram elementos reflexivos e se utilizaram os conhecimentos adquiridos na colaboração em projetos existentes nas unidades. No estágio final, foram elaboradas atividades para futura implementação de novos projetos subordinados à temática aqui descrita. Destas atividades destacam-se a reformulação do Diário do Bebé, a elaboração do Manual de intervenção de enfermagem em saúde mental infantil de juvenil, elaboração de uma Revisão Scoping acerca da normalização, e a elaboração do Diário C. Este percurso formativo permitiu consolidar conhecimentos relativos à importância da intervenção dos enfermeiros na promoção do sentimento de normalização em crianças e famílias a viver uma condição crónica e desenvolver conhecimentos para melhorar a prática de enfermagem de saúde infantil e pediatria.

Transitions, although they are a constant in human life, necessarily represent a challenge, as they imply a state of particular instability (Meleis, 2010). Of the moments that trigger transition processes, the diagnosis of a chronic condition acquires particular importance for nursing, especially in the context of child health and pediatrics. The most common response of Western people to a chronic condition is normalization (Anderson & Chung, 1982). However, this normalization is not always achieved, so it is necessary to identify existing barriers to experiencing the feeling of normalization in a situation of chronic condition, as well as nursing interventions that promote this in children/young people and families. The academic journey that culminates in the preparation of this report privileged interaction with experts, reflection on practice, and theoretical-practical integration. To this end, internships were carried out in different clinical contexts and activities that allowed responding to the identified problems, aiming to acquire general and specific Specialist Nurse skills. The activities carried out have a logic of increasing complexity, which is why, initially, reflective elements were developed and the knowledge acquired through collaboration on existing projects in the units was used. In the final stage, activities were developed for the future implementation of new projects related to the theme described here. Of these activities, we highlight the reformulation of the Baby Diary, the elaboration of the Nursing Intervention Manual in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, the elaboration of a Scoping Review on normalization, and the elaboration of Diary C. This training path allowed us to consolidate knowledge regarding the importance of nurses' intervention in promoting a feeling of normalization in children and families experiencing a chronic condition and developing knowledge to improve child health and pediatric nursing practice.

Discontinuation of empirical antifungal therapy in ICU patients using 1,3-ß-d-glucan.

BACKGROUND: Empirical antifungal therapy in high-risk ICU patients is an attractive strategy, but overuse of antifungal agents is a potential problem. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated if ICU patients at high risk to develop candidaemia identified by a prediction rule could discontinue empirical antifungal therapy on the basis of repeatedly negative 1-3-ß-d-glucan (BDG) tests. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre cohort study in 85 ICU patients receiving antibiotics or with central venous catheter plus two additional factors (dialysis, parenteral nutrition, surgery, pancreatitis or receipt of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents) plus either fever, hypothermia, hypotension, acidosis, elevated C-reactive protein or leucocytosis. Blood cultures (days 1 and 2) and BDG (days 1-3, baseline period) were performed and anidulafungin was given. On day 4, patients with negative blood cultures and BDG discontinued antifungal therapy. Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01734525). RESULTS: The incidence of candidaemia was 8.2% in patients selected versus 0.5% in patients without entry criteria (16.9 times higher). Sixty-four patients (75.3%) had baseline positive BDG, including 7 with candidaemia. All 21 patients with baseline negative BDG discontinued anidulafungin on day 4. None developed candidaemia until day 30. CONCLUSIONS: Early discontinuation of empirical echinocandin therapy in high-risk ICU patients based on consecutive negative BDG tests may be a reasonable strategy, with great potential to reduce the overuse of echinocandins in ICU patients. Prospective studies with a higher number of patients are needed.

Depressão no idoso / Depression in the elderly

A depressão no idoso é frequentemente subdiagnosticada pelos médicos e subestimada pelos familiares e pelo próprio idoso. Isso faz com que aumente muito o risco de suicídio e comprometa a qualidade de vida dos idosos. No presente trabalho, os autores revisam a epidemiologia, avaliação dos fatores de risco e diagnóstico. Abordam também comorbidades, diagnostico diferencial e tratamento.

Study of the cardiac left atrioventricular valvar complex in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of the Jafarabadi breed / Estudo do complexo valvar atrioventricular cardíaco esquerdo em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) da raça Jafarabadi

Atrioventricular valve complex of 30 Jafarabadi water buffaloes, adult males were studied in this research with no heart diseases. The animals were obtained from a slaughterhouse in Brazilian State of Parana. The hearts were opened at the third portion affording access to the valve complex. The complexes had its area, number and type of tendinous cords submitted to analysis. The results showed that the complex is composed by two cusps and four accessory cusps, two or three papillary muscles in which 10-25 tendinous cords fix on the cusps that face the ventricle wall. The total area of the complex was on average 38.56cm², with a minimum of 24.96cm² and a maximum of 55.54cm². Statistically, no relation between the number of cords and the cusps' area where they are inserted or with the number of papillary muscle where they originated from was observed.

Foram estudados os complexos valvares atrioventricular esquerdo de 30 búfalos da raça Jafarabadi, machos e adultos, sem alterações cardíacas, provenientes de abatedouros do Estado do Paraná. Os corações foram examinados em seu terço médio para acesso ao complexo valvar, que foi submetido a estudos de área, número e tipificação de cordas tendíneas. Os resultados demonstram que este complexo é formado por duas cúspides principais e quatro cúspides acessórias, apresentam em sua formação de 2-3 músculos papilares, nos quais se inserem de 10-25 cordas tendíneas, que se fixam em cúspides voltadas para a parede do ventrículo. A área total deste complexo apresenta uma média de 38,56cm² com um mínimo de 24,96cm² e um máximo de 55,54cm². Estatisticamente não há relação entre número de cordas e a área da cúspide onde estas estão inseridas, nem com o número de músculos papilares dos quais elas provem.

Verbascoside isolated from Lepechinia speciosa has inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro.

Verbascoside has been isolated form L. speciosa after several different chromatographic methods. After its purification, the structure has been unequivocally established using modern spectroscopic techniques. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Mechanism of action for this molecule regarding the anti-herpes activity has been studied encompassing the following assays: virucidal activity, cellular receptor assay, penetration assay and intracellular assay, in order to understand the activity for this natural product.

Bony density in adolescents after surgical repair of tetralogy of fallot: a comparative study with healthy adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adverse influences arising in fetal life or immediately after birth have a permanent effect on body structure, physiology and metabolism. Evidence is now accumulating that programming of bone growth might be an important contributor to the later risk of osteoporosis. Long-term morbidity and mortality associated with retralogy of Fallot is not completely known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the state of the bones in adolescents after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, so as to ascertain any possible repercussions of the disease on bone mineralization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 34 adolescents with repaired tetralogy of Fallot, between the ages of 11 and 18 years, to establish their nutritional status, in terms of height, weight, and skinfolds, their body composition using an anthropometric method, their sexual maturity according to Tanner, and their food-habits as based on 24-hour recall. Bone density was evaluated by lumbar dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We included 34 healthy eutrophic adolescents, matched for gender and age, as controls. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the patients and their controls concerning nutritional status, body composition, total energy intake and nutritional supply in macronutrients, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D. Bone mineral density, expressed in Z-score and g/cm2, was significantly higher in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (p < 0.01). The age at the time of the first surgical procedure, or at complete surgical repair, and the total number of surgical procedures, had no significant influence on nutritional status or bone mineralization. Gender, chronological age, sexual maturity and the index of body mass are the major determinants of bone density for both samples. Obese adolescents with repaired tetralogy of Fallot had a significantly higher bone density (p < 0.05) compared to undernourished or euthrophic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Being born with tetralogy of Fallot has no significant repercussion, by the stage of adolescence, on nutritional status, pubertal progression, and accretion of bone minerals subsequent to surgical repair. Nutritional status is the major influence on the accretion of bone mass.

Emprego da determinação de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado para a detecção do consumo de tabaco / Use of breath carbon monoxide as an indicator of smoking status

Introdução: O tabagismo é o principal fator de risco prevenível de morbidade e mortalidade em países desenvolvidos e está em ascensão nos países em desenvolvimento. Apesar deste fato, e do maior conhecimento sobre seus efeitos, a prevalência de tabagistas continua elevada. Com o objetivo de comparar o valor de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (COex) entre indivíduos fumantes e não fumantes, avaliar fatores que influenciam estes valores entre os que fumam e também avaliar a possível influência do tabagismo passivo, foram medidos níveis de COex em funcionários e pacientes do Instituto do Coração HC-FMUSP. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 256 voluntários que responderam a um questionário e foram submetidos à mensuração de COex em aparelho micromedidor de CO. Resultados: Dos entrevistados, 106 eram do sexo masculino e 150 do feminino e a idade média foi de 43,4 anos (Vmin-max: 15-83). 107 informaram ser tabagistas, 118 não fumantes e 31 fumantes passivos. A média de COex dos fumantes foi de 14,01ppm (Vmin-max: 1-44), dos fumantes passivos 2,03ppm (Vmin-max: 0-5) e, dos não fumantes, 2,50ppm (Vmin-max: 0-9). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante ente o grupo de fumantes e os demais (p < 0,001), mas não entre os fumantes passivos e os não fumantes. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre número de cigarros fumados por dia e valores de COex e negativa entre o intervalo após ter fumado o último cigarro e o valor de COex. Para um valor de corte de COex igual a 6ppm, foram encontradas sensibilidade de 77 por cento e especificidade de 96 por cento. Conclusão: A mensuração de COex constitui-se um indicador de fácil emprego, baixo custo, não invasivo e que permite a obtenção de resultado imediato, com o valor de corte de COex de 6ppm apresentando boa especificidade para aferir o hábito tabágico