Speech and language testing with distinct ethnic-racial groups: a survey of procedures for improving validity.

Several procedures are being used currently to improve the validity of speech and language evaluation for ethnic or racial groups from lower-income populations. Procedures mentioned in this article include: (1) developing a new test, (2) modifying test items or keyed responses on existing tests, and (3) developing new norms for existing tests. Examples are given for each procedure, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed.