Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Constants for Ozone Interaction with Individual Fatty Acids.

The kinetics of ozone interaction with 14 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with different molecular structures was studied and velocity constants of these reactions were measured. The relationships between the measured constants and some parameters of fatty acid (length of the aliphatic chain, number of double bonds, location of the double bonds, and its configuration) were detected. The highest velocity constant is recorded for monounsaturated oleic fatty acid: 2.58×105 (M×sec)-1. Other studied fatty acids had 1.5-5-lower constants depending on their molecular structures.

[Rate constants for interaction reactions of ozone with palmitic, oleic and others fatty acids. Role of ozonolysis in metabolism of fatty acids.]

Kinetic parameters of the interaction between ozone with 13 individual saturated, monoenic, unsaturated and polemic fatty acids (FA) which have 1-4 double bonds (DB) have been determined. Rate constants for FA reaction with ozone were estimated. It was found that the constants depend on a) aliphatic chain length, b) DB number of DB in the chain, c) DB position in the chain and d) cist- or trans- configuration of FA. The highest rate constant was recorded for С18:1 cis-ω-9 oleic FA (2.58∙105, М-1s-1). Oxidation rate constants for other FA were 1.5- to 3-fold lower depending of the FA structure. The greatest role ozonolysis is played in biochemical reactions, in physiologic metabolism of FA and also in aphysiologic reactions of modification of FA as part of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and aminophospholipids) in structure of plasmatic membranes of living cells. We believe also that phylogenetically the role of insulin consists in: a) promoting the conversion of carnivorous (fish-eating) animals that left the ocean into herbivorous, b) providing high kinetic parameters for realization of the biological function of locomotion, c) converting in vivo the low-efficiency palmitic pathway of FA metabolism with energy deficiency into a high-efficiency oleic pathway. During phylogenesis, low chemical activity of oleic FA in vivo is the major etiological factor of two nonphysiological processes: atherosclerosis and atheromatosis which are fundamental for the development of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction.

[The person in philogenesis is not (omnivores), but the herbivores with the carnivores past and the fuzzy future. Biological function of trophology (nutrition) in ontogenesis.]

According to the phylogenetic theory of general pathology, seven biological functions have been formed over billions of years. 1. biological function of trophology, nutrition; 2. homeostasis function; 3. biological function of endoecology; 4. function of adaptation; 5. function of the continuation of the species; 6. function of locomotion and 7. cognitive biological function, including intelligence. Millions of years in life consistently in the waters of several oceans, all the ancestors of man were carnivorous (Carnivores), fish-eating mammals. When the ocean retreated and the carnivorous (fish-eating) were on land, each individual privatized a "piece" of the ocean. Animals transformed it ito a pool of intercellular medium in vivo. The biological role of the late in the phylogeny of insulin is the formation of new biological functions in vivo. The action of insulin has transformed the carnivorous (fish-eating) ocean into herbivorous (Herbivores) species on land. There was it by synthesis in vivo from exogenous glucose of fatty acids (FA). Regulatory action of insulin was the directed conversion of exogenous glucose into ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic FA. Insulin late in phylogeny expressed the synthesis of new, conjugated enzymes: it is palmitoyl-CoA-elongase and stearyl-CoAdesaturase. Two enzymes synthesized FAs along the way: synthesized in situ de novo, from exogenous glucose, C16: 0 palmitic acid → C18: 0 stearic acid → ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic acid without accumulation of stearic FA. Insulin is not converted into an oleic FA exogenous palmitic acid from carnivorous food. On land, the action of insulin transformed the species Homo sapiens, into a herbivore, but with carnivorous, fish-eating, past. The idea of a person as omnivorous (Omnivor) - nonsense; such forms of nature did not form. Violation of the function of nutrition, the biological reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), is the etiological and pathogenetic basis of the seven metabolic pandemics, the diseases of civilization. 1. Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis; 2. metabolic arterial hypertension; 3. metabolic syndrome; 4. obesity; 5. syndrome of insulin resistance; 6. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 7. endogenous hyperuricemia. The primary prevention of metabolic pandemics in the biological function of nutrition, in the biological reactions of exo-and endotrophy, will allow us to understand the theoretical bases and implementation of preventive actions that will determine the characteristics of nutrition in the future.

[The insulin initiates "kinetic perfection" of biologic function of locomotion. The glucose as substratum for synthesis of ω-9 oleic fatty acid by cross-striated miocytes.]

The phylogenesis theory affords ground for the following propositions. 1. There is no absorption of glucose from intercellular medium by cells in vivo until there is possibility to absorb polar fatty acids from associates with albumin. 2. The late in phylogenesis humoral insulin regulates no stages of glucose metabolism; they are completed a billion years before hormone synthesis. 3. The phylogenetically late insulin is "hostage" of biological function of trophology, function of nutrition, biological reaction of exotrophy; it has no possibility to decrease in food excessed amount of physiologic palmitic saturated fatty acids with low kinetic parameters of ß-oxidation in mitochondria. 4. The early in phylogenesis, resistant organizational to insulin pool of visceral fatty cells of omentum and late pool of insulin-dependent adipocytes are different in many functional parameters. 5. All "metabolic pandemics" such as syndrome of resistance to insulin, atherosclerosis, metabolic arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome and obesity are primarily pathologies of fatty acids. 6. All "metabolic pandemics" are pathologies of one biological function, function of locomotion under single algorithm of formation of their pathogenesis. 7. The etiological factor of "metabolic pandemics" is uniform - effect of environmental factors in form of disorder of biological function of trophology, function of nutrition; aphysiological excess content in food of palmitic saturated fatty acid, aphysiological trans-forms of fatty acids and ω-7-palmitoleic mono unsaturated fatty acid. The insulin activates absorption by myocytes, cardiomyocytes of glucose as substrate of synthesis out of it in situ de novo ω-9 oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid. With such physical chemical parameters that mitochondria oxidize it with the most high constant of velocity of reaction and high effectiveness of formation of ATP.

[The titration of double bonds in fatty acids of blood plasma in patients in testing of glucose tolerance].

The article deals with per oral glucose tolerance test applied to 20 patients with arterial hypertension. The blood plasma was analyzed to detect content of individual fatty acids, double bounds, glucose, insulin and metabolites of fatty acids. In patients with different resistance to insulin content of non-etherized fatty acids decreased approximatively up to 3 times. Without insulin resistance secretion of insulin in 2 hours after glucose load increased up to 3 times and content of individual fatty acids decreases in greater extent. Under insulin resistance secretion of insulin increases up to 8 times and decreasing of content of fatty acids is less expressed. The decrease in blood plasma of content of oleic and linoleic fatty acids and double bounds reflects effectiveness of effect of insulin--blockade of hydrolysis of triglycerides in subcutaneous adipocytes. The concentration of insulin positively correlates with initial content of palmitic fatty acid in the pool of lipids of blood plasma.

[The content of individual fatty acids and numbers of double bonds, insulin, C-peptide and unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma in testing tolerance to glucose].

The glucose tolerance test demonstrates that content of unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma decreases up to three times and the content of oleic and linoleic acids is more decreased in the pool of fatty acids lipids. Out of resistance to insulin, hormone secretion increases up to three times. The decreasing of level of individual fatty acids occurs in a larger extent. Under resistance to insulin secretion of insulin is increasing up to eight times. The decreasing of level of each fatty acid is less expressed. The effect of insulin reflects decreasing of content of double bonds in blood plasma. The number of double bonds characterizes the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in lipids of blood plasma. The higher number of double bonds is in the pool of unesterified fatty acids the more active is the effect of insulin. The hyper-secretion of insulin is directly proportional to content of palmitic fatty acid in lipids of blood plasma on fasting. According the phylogenetic theory of general pathology, the effect of insulin on metabolism of glucose is mediated by fatty acids. The insulin is blocking lipolysis in insulin-depended subcutaneous adipocytes and decreases content of unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma. The insulin is depriving all cells of possibility to absorb unesterified fatty acids and "forces" them to absorb glucose increasing hereby number of GLUT4 on cell membrane. The resistance to insulin is manifested in high concentration of unesterfied fatty acids, hyperinsulinemia, hyperalbuminemia and increasing of concentration of C-reactive protein-monomer. The resistance to insulin is groundlessly referred to as a symptom of diabetes mellitus type II. The resistance to insulin is only a functional disorder lasting for years. It can be successfully arrested. The diabetes mellitus is developed against the background of resistance to insulin only after long-term hyper-secretion of insulin and under emaciation and death of ß-cells. The diabetes mellitus type I and not type II is an undesirable outcome of resistance to insulin.

[Antioxidant activity of vegetable oils with various omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ratio].

Antioxidant activity and the oxidative stability were investigated in flax, sesame, silybum oils and oils with different omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio. The content of antioxidants (AO) in crude oils and their reactivity towards peroxyl radicals were studied using kinetic method for addition of oil in a model reaction of cumol oxidation. There were correlations between PUFA/omega-9 and thermal stability (50 degrees C); between gamma-tocopherol content and resistantance to oxidative changes after storage at (10 +/- 2) degrees C for 6 months.

[Determination of double bonds in olive and sunflower oils by ozonize method].

Kinetics of spending double bonds of tocotherol and accumulation of peroxides during oxidation of olive and sunflower oils were investigated. Date on spending double bonds during oxidation of commercial oils were measured for the first time.

[Biologically active lipids in fungi of the Pilobolaceae family].

The synthesis of bioactive lipids in three species of lower mycelial fungi of the genus Pilaira, the family Pilobolaceae, has been studied. The pigmentation of these fungi was found to be determined by the presence of beta-carotene in amounts of 14.8 (P. moreaui), 115.7 (P. caucasica), and 312.9 (P. anomala) microg/g. The fatty acid profiles of the fungi, which are distinguished by the presence of up to 50% essential fatty acids, is typical of zygomycetes of the order Mucorales. The fungi grown in submerged cultures showed a correlation of the unsaturation indices of their fatty acids and the contents of beta-carotene.

[The dose-dependent effects of a combination of different classes of antioxidants exemplified by dibunol and beta-carotene]. / Dozozavisimye éffekty kombinatsii antioksidantov raznykh klassov na primere dibunola i beta-karotina.

In order to enhance antioxidant protection of the organism in various pathological states, effective combinations of antioxidants have been developed that interact with various types of free radicals. On two experimental models,--acute alcohol intoxication and calcium chloride arrhythmia of rats, the prophylactic activity of antioxidant combinations was established for certain doses, rather then for monotherapy. The possibility of obtaining high protective effects at relatively low concentrations of the components in the complex preparation was shown. Am increase of antioxidant concentration in the preparation could decrease its efficiency. The highest efficiency in the complex preparations, as compared with in each component taken separately, was observed in the case of calcium chloride arrhythmia when dibunol and beta-carotene were combined at concentrations of 10 mg/kg and in the case of acute alcohol intoxication (1 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively). Enhanced efficiency of combined antioxidant therapy opens up the way to the production of new active complex preparations with minimum toxic side toxic effects and complications.