[Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a transplant patient]. / Protéinose pulmonaire secondaire chez un patient greffé.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by alveolar accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material, caused by a macrophagic clearance disorder. We present a case of PAP in a patient taking the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the context of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, of which we discuss the pathophysiology and treatment as reported in the literature. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old man with cardiomyopathy received a heart transplant and was treated by MMF, tacrolimus and corticosteroids. Three months after the transplant, he presented with acute oxygen-dependent respiratory failure. The diagnosis of PAP seemed likely on the CT scan and was confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage, as was the diagnostic of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). However, GM-CSF autoantibodies were not found. As there existed a suspicion of MMF imputability, the treatment was discontinued and an antifungal treatment was started. The patient was reassessed one month after discontinuation of MMF and found to have clinically and radiologically improved. Four other cases of MMF-induced PAP have been reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: MMF and IPA could be predisposing cofactors for the occurrence of secondary PAP.