Primary photosensitization caused by ingestion of Froelichia humboldtiana by dairy goats.

This study aimed to describe the first report of an outbreak of primary photosensitization in dairy goats caused by Froelichia humboldtiana. The disease occurred from March to May 2014, in a mixed flock of 15 Saanen, Alpine, and crossbred lactating goats. The entire flock was affected; however, the Saanen and cross-bred goats developed more severe lesions, and their milk production decreased by as much as 75%. Lesions were progressive and consisted of skin hyperemia, edema, and necrosis, especially in depigmented areas. An experimental study with two goats resulted in photodermatitis, similar to that observed in the natural cases, 10-14 days after the beginning of plant ingestion. Serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and -glutamyltransferase (GGT) and, direct, indirect, and total bilirubin serum concentrations were within the normal ranges. In conclusion, F. humboldtiana causes primary photosensitization in goats with a negative impact on milk production.

Natural infection by Eimeria spp. in a cohort of lambs raised extensively in Northeast Brazil

The aim of the study was to examine and describe the changes in the course of Eimeria infection in a cohort of lambs of the mixed breed Santa Inês raised extensively on a farm in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. The study was carried out between April and August 2008, during which period fecal samples were collected on a weekly basis from each of the 27 male lambs starting from the day after birth until the age of 90 days. Samples were analyzed under optical microscope and those testing positive for Eimeria oocysts were submitted to a quantitative analysis. Oocysts were detected in 17% of the lambs by week 3, but by week 6 100% of the animals were infected. Eight species of Eimeria were identified in the fecal samples, namely, in decreasing order of prevalence, E. crandallis, E. parva, E. granulosa, E. ovinoidalis, E. ahsata, E. ovina, E. faurei and E. intricata. Of the 191 fecal samples that contained Eimeria oocysts, only 32 (16.8%) were infected with a single species whereas 23 (12.0%) were infected with at least two species and 136 (71.2%) harbored three or more species. Although Eimeria coccidiosis is a complex disease owing to the mixed nature of the infective agents, an ongoing prevention program should be implemented to reduce production losses.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e descrever as alterações no curso da infecção por Eimeria em uma criação de cordeiros mestiços da raça Santa Inês criados extensivamente em uma fazenda no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, nordeste do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre abril e agosto de 2008, período durante o qual amostras fecais foram coletadas semanalmente de 27 cordeiros machos a partir do nascimento até a idade de 90 dias. As amostras foram analisadas em microscópio óptico e aquelas positivas para oocistos de Eimeria foram submetidos a uma análise quantitativa. Oocistos foram detectados em 17% dos cordeiros na terceira semana, mas na sexta semana 100% dos animais estavam infectados. Oito espécies de Eimeria foram identificadas nas amostras fecais, citadas em ordem decrescente de prevalência, E. crandallis, E. parva, E. granulosa, E.ovinoidalis, E. ahsata, E. ovina, E. faurei e E. intricata. Das 191 amostras de fezes que continham oocistos de Eimeria, apenas 32 (16,8%) estavam infectados com uma única espécie, enquanto 23 (12,0%) estavam infectados com pelo menos duas espécies e 136 (71,2%) abrigavam três ou mais espécies. Apesar de Eimeria ser uma doença complexa, devido à natureza mista dos agentes infecciosos, um programa de prevenção em curso deve ser implementada para reduzir as perdas de produção.

Mechanism involved in the spasmolytic effect of a mixture of two triterpenes, cycloartenol and cycloeucalenol, isolated from Herissanthia tiubae in the guinea-pig ileum.

The smooth muscle relaxant properties of a mixture of the two triterpenoids cycloeuclalenol and cycloartenol (CC) isolated from Herissanthia tiubae (Malvaceae) were studied in several smooth muscle preparations. CC inhibited contractions induced by carbachol, histamine and KCl in the guinea-pig ileum, but no spasmolytic activity was found in guinea-pig trachea or rat aorta. In guinea-pig ileum, concentration-response curves to carbachol and CaCl (2) in high K(+) were shifted to the right by CC in a concentration-dependent manner with slopes of the Schild plot differing from the unity. IC(50) values were 3.4 +/- 0.8 x 10 (-5) M and 8.44 +/- 1.87 x 10 (-5) M for carbachol and CaCl(2), respectively. The phorbol ester TPA, which activates protein kinase C (PKC), potentiated contractions induced by submaximal concentrations of carbachol. This potentiation was inhibited by CC. Desensitization of PKC by TPA completely abolished the inhibition produced by CC on carbachol-induced contractions. Together, our results indicate that inhibition of PKC is involved in the spasmolytic effect of CC in the guinea-pig ileum.