Bioecological aspects of triatomines and marsupials as wild Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in the Western Brazilian Amazon.

In the Amazon region, Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles involve a great diversity of Triatominae vectors and mammal reservoirs. Some Rhodnius spp. mainly inhabit palm trees that act as microhabitats for hosts and vectors. The current study aimed to describe aspects of the bio-ecology of the vectors and reservoirs of T. cruzi in relation to human populations resident near areas with large quantities of palm trees, in rural, peri-urban and urban collection environments, located in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Rhodnius pictipes and Didelphis marsupialis were respectively the most predominant vector and reservoir, with rates of 71% for R. pictipes and 96.5% for D. marsupialis. The vast majority of T. cruzi isolates clustered with TcI. The most prevalent haplotype was TcI COII1 (69.7%). Mauritia flexuosa and Attalea phalerata were the main ecological indicators of infestation by triatomines. Birds were the most common food source (27,71%). T. cruzi isolated from R. robustus has the haplotype HUM-13, previously detected in a chronic Chagas patient living in the same area. Our results demonstrate the relevance of this study, with the occurrence of elevated infection rates in animals, and suggest the importance of the Amazon zones where there is a risk of infection in humans.

Increasing incidence of malaria in the Negro River basin, Brazilian Amazon.

Malaria in Brazil is virtually restricted to the Amazon Region, where it has a heterogeneous geographic distribution. We reviewed secondary data in order to describe the regional and temporal distribution of 8018 malaria cases seen between 2003 and 2007 in Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, a municipality in the northwest Brazilian Amazon. A significant rise in malaria incidence, mainly in the Yanomami Indian reservation, was observed during this time. Anopheline breeding sites were also mapped and entomological data were obtained through the capture of larval and adult mosquitoes. Thirty-three potential breeding sites were identified in the urban and periurban areas, 28 of which were positive for anopheline larvae. Anopheles darlingi specimens were captured in both intra- and peridomicile locations in the urban areas. Demographic data were also assessed via a sectional survey, revealing that the majority of dwellings were vulnerable to mosquitoes. This study suggests that urban and periurban areas of this municipality are highly susceptible to epidemic malaria, which is endemic in the Yanomami Indian reservation near the city. In addition, transmission can be perpetuated autochthonously in the urban area, drawing attention to the continuous need for preventative measures such as controlling adult and aquatic stages of mosquitoes and improving housing.

A field trial with Lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON) for the intradomiciliary control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles darlingi root in Rondonia, Brazil.

A two stage field trial comparing the effects of Lambdacyhalothrin (ICON) and DDT when used as residual sprays on the inside surfaces of houses, was conducted in the Machadinho and Jaru areas of Rodonia, Brazil, in 1987 and 1988. In 1987 houses along two 16 km contiguous stretches of a main and a side road were sprayed and the effects on malaria vectors monitored for the succeeding year. In the second stage approximately 55,000 houses in both districts were sprayed with ICON and the effect on malaria incidence measured by passive case detection. Of the eleven species of Anopheles caught in indoor and peridomiciliary collections A. darlingi was the commonest and is recognised as the most important vector in Brazil. ICON at either of two concentrations in bioassays killed more mosquitoes than DDT at each test from seven to twelve months after spraying. A rise in the number of A. darlingi collected eight months after spraying with DDT was not so marked in the ICON areas. Side effects of the insecticide were limited. The number of reported Plasmodium falciparum cases in the second phase declined 76% in Machadinho after spraying with ICON to 2851 cases. In Jaru there was a 28% reduction. The observed efficacy of the insecticide, its ready acceptance by the local populace, and its cost effectiveness make it a more useful insecticide for anti-malaria campaigns than DDT.

Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) no Estado de Roraima, Brasil. II. Espécies coletadas na Região Norte

In this, paper. are reported by the first time, the species of sand flies founded at north of the state of Roraima, Brasil, colected with CDC - light traps, and malaise thapis. Twenty seven species in the region have been reported increasing the number, of known species for. the state to fifty five.

Neste trabalho são reportadas pela primeira vez, as espécies de flebotomíneos acha dos no norte do Estado de Roraima, Brasil; coletadas com armadilhas CDC e Malaise. São reportadas vinte, e oito espécies na região elevando o total para cinquenta e seis conhe cidas para o Estado.

Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) no Estado de Roraima. III. Listagem das espécies no Estado

Are relationed the species of sand flies collected in the State of Roraima, rasil.

Causad e muerte en adultos con leucemias agudas. / Causes of death in adults with acute leukemia

Se investigaron las causas de muerte en 67 pacientes con el diagnostico de leucemia aguda, ingresados en tres centros asistenciales de Ciudad de La Habana. La hemorragia fue la complicacion fatal mas frecuentemente encontrada, observandose solo en el 47,8% de los pacientes y asociada a infecciones en el 22,4%. La trombocitopenia severa fue la responsble de los sangramientos en la mayoria de los enfermos asociandose con disminucion de los factores plasmaticos de la coagulacion en tres pacientes y con coagulacion intravascular diseminada en otros dos casos. Las infecciones ocuparon el segundo lugar como causa de muerte, las mas comunes eran debidas a germenes gramnegativos; se encontro bajo porcentaje de infecciones micoticas. La insuficiencia de organos vitales fue la causa de la muerte en el 14,9% de los enfermos. Es de interes senalar que el 82% de las muertes occurrieron durante la fase de induccion de la remision o sin haber recibido terapeutica especifica

Causad e muerte en adultos con leucemias agudas. / Causes of death in adults with acute leukeia

Se investigaron las causas de muerte en 67 pacientes con el diagnostico de leucemia aguda, ingresados en tres centros asistenciales de Ciudad de La Habana. La hemorragia fue la complicacion fatal mas frecuentemente encontrada, observandose solo en el 47,8% de los pacientes y asociada a infecciones en el 22,4%. La trombocitopenia severa fue la responsble de los sangramientos en la mayoria de los enfermos asociandose con disminucion de los factores plasmaticos de la coagulacion en tres pacientes y con coagulacion intravascular diseminada en otros dos casos. Las infecciones ocuparon el segundo lugar como causa de muerte, las mas comunes eran debidas a germenes gramnegativos; se encontro bajo porcentaje de infecciones micoticas. La insuficiencia de organos vitales fue la causa de la muerte en el 14,9% de los enfermos. Es de interes senalar que el 82% de las muertes occurrieron durante la fase de induccion de la remision o sin haber recibido terapeutica especifica

Single-dose epidural anesthesia for labor and delivery

This paper is a continuation of the preliminary report where we used a gauged 25, 3 and 1/2 inch apinal needle to deposit bupivacaine in the lumbar epidural space.