Women's Memories of the Day of the Chilean Coup in the City of Valparaíso.

This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of women who were in the city of Valparaíso on September 11, 1973, the day of the coup d'état in Chile. Research participants were six women from the Valparaíso region, militants of leftist parties, and survivors of political imprisonment and torture during the Chilean civil-military dictatorship. We conducted a focus group and two semi-structured individual interviews. Data analysis was carried out in two stages: the first one phenomenological-hermeneutic and the second one based on Grounded Theory. The research results show that the day of the coup d'état in Valparaíso is remembered by women as a mighty and irrevocable milestone, functioning as a biographical event. The coup d'état means a before and after in civic experiences in social, political, and historical aspects and in the dwelling manners of the city.

The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth and Psychosocial Variables in Survivors of State Terrorism and Their Relatives.

The present study explores reports of growth in survivors and family members of victims of state terrorism (N = 254) in Chile from 1973 to 1990. The results indicate the presence of reports of posttraumatic growth (M = 4.69) and a positive and statistically significant correlation with variables related to the life impact of the stressful events (r = .46), social sharing of emotions (r = .32), deliberate rumination (r = .37), positive reappraisal (r = .35), reconciliation (r = .39), spiritual practices (r = .33), and meaning in life (r = .51). The relationship between growth and forgiveness is not statistically significant. The variables that best predict posttraumatic growth are positive reappraisal (ß = .28), life impact (ß = .24), meaning in life ß = .23), and reconciliation (ß = .20). The forward-method hierarchical model indicates that these variables are significant predictors of growth levels, R2 = .53, F(8, 210) = 30.08, p < .001. The results indicate that a large proportion of the victims of state terrorism manage to grow after these experiences, and the redefinition of meaning in life and the positive reappraisal of the traumatic experiences are the elements that make it possible to create a new narrative about the past.

Deliberate Rumination and Positive Reappraisal as Serial Mediators Between Life Impact and Posttraumatic Growth in Victims of State Terrorism in Chile (1973-1990).

This study examines the role of coping strategies related to positive reappraisal versus other cognitive strategies (deliberate rumination) as mediators between life impact and posttraumatic growth in survivors of the military dictatorship in Chile between 1973 and 1990 (tortured political prisoners and family members of political prisoners executed and missing). Survey data from 251 political violence survivors were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro for bootstrapping indirect effects (Hayes, 2013). Results indicated that positive reappraisal (or reframing) coping mediated the relationship between life impact and posttraumatic growth. A serial multiple mediation model indicates that in the life impact to growth moderation process, rumination must be followed by positive reappraisal to drive this growth. These findings suggest that positive reappraisal of the traumatic experience is essential to achieve growth reports. Implications of these more complex relations are discussed for both counseling interventions and further research.

La Desaparición Forzada de Personas a Cuarenta Años del Golpe de Estado en Chile: un Acercamiento a la Dimensión Familiar / Forced Disappearance of Persons Forty Years after the Coup in Chile: an Approach to the Family Dimension / O Desaparecimento Forçado de Pessoas há Quarenta Anos do Golpe de Estado no Chile: uma Aproximação à Dimensão Familiar

Resumen Este artículo analiza las memorias sobre el familiar detenido y desaparecido de 19 mujeres de la Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos de Santiago de Chile. Se utilizó la entrevista reflexiva-grupal como estrategia de producción de testimonios, los cuales fueron analizados mediante el análisis de datos verbales. Los principales resultados señalan que las memorias familiares transmitidas intergeneracionalmente son de alta intensidad y afectividad, constituyendo una postmemoria (Hirsch, 1998). También se establece que los testimonios de las víctimas se configuran a manera de lucha contra la negación e impunidad de la desaparición del familiar detenido desaparecido. Este estudio aporta conocimiento útil para el desarrollo de políticas de memoria que permitan el reconocimiento social de la historia familiar de víctimas de terrorismo de Estado. Del mismo modo, se considera que tanto la propuesta teórico-metodológica como los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, aportan pistas para el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de investigación, orientadas a la comprensión de la transmisión transgeneracional de experiencias traumáticas.

Abstract This article analyzes the recollections of detained and disappeared relatives of 19 women from the Association for Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared. Testimony was collected using group reflective interviews, with an analysis of the verbal data. The main results indicate that the family memories transmitted trans-generationally are of high intensity and affectivity, constituting a post-memory (Hirsch, 1998). The recollections of the victim's relatives also work against negation and impunity of the disappearance of the detained relative. This study contributes to the development of policies for memory which permit the social recognition of the family history of the victims of State terrorism. Both the theoretical-methodological proposal and the results obtained in this study indicate pathways to new lines of research oriented to the understanding of inter-generational transmission of traumatic experiences.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as memórias sobre o familiar detido e desaparecido de 19 mulheres da Agrupação de Familiares de Detidos Desaparecidos de Santiago do Chile. Utilizou-se a entrevista reflexiva-grupal como estratégia de produção de depoimentos, os quais foram analisados mediante a análise de dados verbais. Os principais resultados indicam que as memórias familiares transmitidas intergeracionalmente são de alta intensidade e afetividade, constituindo uma pós-memória (Hirsch, 1998). Também se estabelece que o depoimento das vítimas se configura como forma de luta contra a negação e impunidade do desaparecimento do familiar detido. Este estudo contribui com conhecimento útil para o desenvolvimento de políticas de memória que permitam o reconhecimento social da história familiar de vítimas de terrorismo de Estado. Do mesmo modo, considera-se que tanto a proposta teórico-metodológica quanto os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem com orientações para o desenvolvimento de novas linhas de pesquisa, orientadas à compreensão da transmissão transgeracional de experiências traumáticas.