¿Han influido el algoritmo de prescripción de la Administración y las guías de manejo de la dislipemia de la ACC/AHA 2013 en el manejo de la dislipemia? Proyecto MEJORA-LO CV / Have the Government's prescription algorithm and the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for managing dyslipidaemia influenced the management of dyslipidaemia? The MEJORALO-CV Project

OBJETIVO: Conocer el manejo de la dislipemia en atención primaria tras la publicación de la Guía de la American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) del año 2013 y el algoritmo de la Administración. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal descriptivo con encuesta a médicos de atención primaria de la Comunidad Valenciana entre enero y octubre de 2016. RESULTADOS: Participaron 199 facultativos con una media (desviación típica) de 48,9 (11) años de edad y 21,3 (11,1) años de experiencia. Las guías más seguidas eran las de la European Society of Cardiology (37,5%) y las de la Administración (23,4%). El 6,3% seguía la de la ACC/AHA 2013. El 88% establecía objetivos según colesterol LDL y riesgo cardiovascular. La elección del hipolipemiante estaba basada en su capacidad reductora de colesterol LDL (28,6%), algoritmo de la Administración (23,4%) y seguridad (20,4%). Estatinas, ezetimiba y fibratos eran los hipolipemiantes preferidos, y la combinación (51%) e incremento de dosis (35%) las estrategias en ausencia de control. Se determinaba perfil lipídico, transaminasas y creatincinasa cada 6 (59,5; 52,3 y 54,3%, respectivamente) o 12 meses (25,1; 29,2 y 30,3%, respectivamente). Un 41% era conocedor de la polémica con la Guía ACC/AHA 2013, y aunque un 60% reconocía su relevancia, solo un 21% modificó su quehacer diario por ella. CONCLUSIONES: El algoritmo de la Administración tuvo mayor impacto que la Guía ACC/AHA 2013 en atención primaria. Campos de mejora fueron el bajo uso de guías y tablas de riesgo validadas, y racionalización de la periodicidad de las analíticas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the management of dyslipidaemia in primary care after the publication of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 guidelines and Valencian government's algorithm. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed a survey of primary care physicians of the Community of Valencia between January and October 2016. RESULTS: A total of 199 physicians (mean age, 48.9±11.0 years; experience, 21.3±11.1 years) participated in the survey. The most followed guidelines were those of the European Society of Cardiology (37.5% of respondents) and Valencian government (23.4% of respondents). Some 6.3% of the respondents followed the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines, and 88.0% established objectives based on LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The choice of lipid-lowering drug was based on its LDL cholesterol lowering capacity (28.6% of respondents), on the Valencian government's algorithm (23.4%) and on the drug's safety (20.4%). Statins, ezetimibe and fibrates were the preferred hypolipemiant agents, and their combination (51% of respondents) and dosage increases (35%) were the strategies employed for poor control. Lipid profile and transaminase and creatine kinase levels were measured every 6 (59.5%, 52.3% and 54.3% of respondents, respectively) or 12 months (25.1%, 29.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Forty-one percent of the respondents were aware of the controversy surrounding the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Although 60% of the respondents acknowledged its relevance, only 21% changed their daily practices accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The Valencian government's algorithm had a greater impact than the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines in primary care in Valencia. Areas for improvement included the low use of validated guidelines and risk tables and the streamlining of laboratory test periodicity

Utilidad pronóstica del electrocardiograma en pacientes hipertensos mayores de 65 años. Estudio FAPRES / rognostic utility of electrocardiograms in patients with hypertension older than 65 years. The PAFRES study

Objetivo: La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es el marcador de daño de órgano diana más frecuente en la hipertensión arterial. Habitualmente se realiza un ECG para su identificación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad pronóstica de otras alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes hipertensos, más allá de la hipertrofia ventricular. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 1.003 pacientes hipertensos mayores de65años. Se recogieron factores de riesgo, historia cardiovascular previa y tratamiento médico. Se analizaron diferentes alteraciones electrocardiográficas, incluyendo índice de Sokolow-Lyon, índice de Cornell, presencia de sobrecarga ventricular y bloqueos de rama, entre otros. Se llevó a cabo un seguimiento de 2años con recogida de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (mortalidad, infarto de miocardio, accidentes cerebrovascular o ingreso por insuficiencia cardiaca). Resultados: La edad media de la población era de 72,9+/-5,8años, con un 47,5% de varones. Durante el seguimiento el 13,9% sufrieron un evento cardiovascular mayor. Estos pacientes eran de mayor edad, más fumadores y practicaban menos ejercicio físico, sin presentar diferencias en el tratamiento antihipertensivo empleado ni en el control tensional. El patrón de sobrecarga ventricular (HR: 1,93; IC95%: 1,160-3,196; p=0,011) y el bloqueo completo de rama izquierda (HR: 2,27; IC95%: 1,040-4,956; p=0,040) se comportaron como factores electrocardiográficos predictores independientes de eventos cardiovasculares mayores, no así la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda por Sokolow y/o Cornell. Conclusiones: En pacientes hipertensos, la existencia en el ECG basal de un bloqueo completo de rama izquierda o un patrón de sobrecarga ventricular identifica a una población de mayor riesgo cardiovascular

Objective: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common marker of target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Electrocardiograms are typically performed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic utility of other electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension, beyond ventricular hypertrophy. Materials and methods: The study included 1003 patients older than 65years with arterial hypertension. We recorded risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and medical treatment and analysed various electrocardiographic abnormalities including the Sokolow-Lyon index, the Cornell index, ventricular overload and branch blocks. The study conducted a 2-year follow-up, recording the major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure). Results: The study population's mean age was 72.9+/-5.8years, 47.5% of whom were men. During the follow-up, 13.9% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. These patients were older, more often smokers and engaged in less physical exercise, without presenting differences in the antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure control. The ventricular overload pattern (HR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.160-3.196; P=.011) and the complete left bundle branch block (HR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.040-4.956; P=.040) behaved as independent electrocardiographic predictors of major cardiovascular events; however, left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow and/or Cornell index did not behave as such. Conclusions: For patients with hypertension, the presence in the baseline electrocardiogram of complete left bundle branch block or a pattern of ventricular overload identifies a population at increased cardiovascular risk

Prognostic utility of electrocardiograms in patients with hypertension older than 65 years. The PAFRES study. / Utilidad pronóstica del electrocardiograma en pacientes hipertensos mayores de 65 años. Estudio FAPRES.

OBJECTIVE: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common marker of target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Electrocardiograms are typically performed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic utility of other electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension, beyond ventricular hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 1003 patients older than 65years with arterial hypertension. We recorded risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and medical treatment and analysed various electrocardiographic abnormalities including the Sokolow-Lyon index, the Cornell index, ventricular overload and branch blocks. The study conducted a 2-year follow-up, recording the major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure). RESULTS: The study population's mean age was 72.9±5.8years, 47.5% of whom were men. During the follow-up, 13.9% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. These patients were older, more often smokers and engaged in less physical exercise, without presenting differences in the antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure control. The ventricular overload pattern (HR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.160-3.196; P=.011) and the complete left bundle branch block (HR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.040-4.956; P=.040) behaved as independent electrocardiographic predictors of major cardiovascular events; however, left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow and/or Cornell index did not behave as such. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with hypertension, the presence in the baseline electrocardiogram of complete left bundle branch block or a pattern of ventricular overload identifies a population at increased cardiovascular risk.

Have the Government's prescription algorithm and the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for managing dyslipidaemia influenced the management of dyslipidaemia? The MEJORALO-CV Project. / ¿Han influido el algoritmo de prescripción de la Administración y las guías de manejo de la dislipemia de la ACC/AHA 2013 en el manejo de la dislipemia? Proyecto MEJORA-LO CV.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the management of dyslipidaemia in primary care after the publication of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 guidelines and Valencian government's algorithm. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed a survey of primary care physicians of the Community of Valencia between January and October 2016. RESULTS: A total of 199 physicians (mean age, 48.9±11.0 years; experience, 21.3±11.1 years) participated in the survey. The most followed guidelines were those of the European Society of Cardiology (37.5% of respondents) and Valencian government (23.4% of respondents). Some 6.3% of the respondents followed the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines, and 88.0% established objectives based on LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The choice of lipid-lowering drug was based on its LDL cholesterol lowering capacity (28.6% of respondents), on the Valencian government's algorithm (23.4%) and on the drug's safety (20.4%). Statins, ezetimibe and fibrates were the preferred hypolipemiant agents, and their combination (51% of respondents) and dosage increases (35%) were the strategies employed for poor control. Lipid profile and transaminase and creatine kinase levels were measured every 6 (59.5%, 52.3% and 54.3% of respondents, respectively) or 12 months (25.1%, 29.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Forty-one percent of the respondents were aware of the controversy surrounding the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Although 60% of the respondents acknowledged its relevance, only 21% changed their daily practices accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The Valencian government's algorithm had a greater impact than the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines in primary care in Valencia. Areas for improvement included the low use of validated guidelines and risk tables and the streamlining of laboratory test periodicity.

Signo de Brockembrough-Braunwald-Morrow / Brockembrough-Braunwald-Morrow sign

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[Lung hypoplasia in the adult: description, pathogenesis and review]. / Hipoplasia pulmonar en el adulto: descripción, patogenia y revisión.

The lung hypoplasia is a very few frequent entity characterized by a detention in the lung development that leads to a poor development of this organ. Habitually this disease is diagnosed in the childhood and there are very few cases that pass unknown, being detected in the mature age (> 18 years). We present four cases of diagnoses adult patients of lung hypoplasia for diverse test (imaging or invasive) that consulted for not specific symptoms, mostly related with infections of the lung and their later evolution over the years. We also review the pathogenesis, etiology and malformations associated of this disease as well as a review of the published articles in this age group.

[Aortoenteric fistula secondary to aortobifemoral prosthesis infection]. / Fístula aortoentérica secundaria a infección de prótesis aortobifemoral.

We present the case of a 76 year-old man, intervened of an obstruction bilateral iliac by means of placement of a prosthesis aortobifemoral that presented pain in the grave left iliac and fever in needles of 39 degrees C to the five years of the intervention. In the physical exploration it highlighted a painful abdomen in the grave left iliac with signs of peritoneal irritation. In the laboratory tests a leukocytosis was detected with neutrophilia and negative culture. The computed thomography (CT) show the presence of gas bubbles around the prosthesis, as well as a liquid collection with areas necrotics in their interior that affected to the psoas and iliac muscles. In the same exploration the aspirative puncture with drainage of the absces demonstrated in the cultivations carried out in aerobic means the presence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae. When presenting a high gastrointestinal hemorrhage abruptly, he was practiced and gastroduodenal endoscope in which a aortoduodenal fistula was evidenced with having bled active. When a bypass extra-anatomic, the sick person will practice it died when presenting a shock abrupt hipovolemic that he didn't respond to the pertinent treatment. We analyze the approaches current diagnoses of infection of the vascular prosthesis and their more serious complication, the aortoenteric fistula (AEF) that either appears in the 0.3-5.9% of the patients who undergo prosthetic reconstruction of the abdominal aorta, for occlusive or aneurismal disease. We highlight the importance of carrying out a precocious diagnosis of the infection of the portion retroperitoneal of the vascular graft that, often, it is manifested with subtle and not specific clinical signs, with the techniques at the moment available as: the CT, fine needle aspiration guided by her, and to diminish the rates of mortality, from the current of 43%, until the most optimistic estimated in 19%.

Hipoplasia pulmonar en el adulto: descripción, patogenia y revisión / Lung hypoplasia in the adult: description, pathogenesis and review

La hipoplasia pulmonar es una entidad muy poco frecuente caracterizada por una detención en el desarrollo pulmonar, que produce que estos órganos se encuentren poco desarrollados. Habitualmente esta enfermedad es diagnosticada en la infancia y son muy pocos los casos que pasan desapercibidos detectándose en la edad adulta (>18 años). Presentamos cuatro casos de pacientes adultos diagnosticados de hipoplasia pulmonar por diversas técnicas (de imagen o invasivas), que consultaron por sintomatología inespecífica, sobre todo relacionada con infecciones respiratorias y su posterior evolución a lo largo de los años. Repasamos además la patogenia, etiología y malformaciones asociadas de esta enfermedad así como hacemos una revisión de los trabajos publicados de ésta en este grupo de edad. (AU)

Fístula aortoentérica secundaria a infección de prótesis aortobifemoral / Aortoenteric fistula secondary to prosthesis aorto bifemoral infection

Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 76 años, intervenido de una obstrucción iliaca bilateral mediante colocación de una prótesis aortobifemoral, que cinco años después presentó dolor en la fosa iliaca izquierda y fiebre en agujas de 39º C. En la exploración física destacaba un abdomen doloroso en la fosa iliaca izquierda con signos de irritación peritoneal. En las pruebas de laboratorio se detectó una leucocitosis con neutrofilia y hemocultivos negativos. La tomografía computadorizada (TC) objetivó la presencia de burbujas de gas alrededor de la prótesis, así como una colección líquida con áreas necróticas en su interior que afectaba a los músculos psoas e iliaco. En la misma exploración, la punción aspirativa con drenaje del absceso demostró en los cultivos realizados en medios aerobios la presencia de Enterococcus faecalis y Enterobacter cloacae. Al presentar bruscamente una hemorragia gastrointestinal alta, se le practicó una endoscopia gastroduodenal en la que se evidenció una fístula aortoduodenal con sangrado activo. Cuando se le iba a practicar un bypass extraanatómico, el enfermo falleció al presentar un shock hipovolémico brusco, que no respondió al tratamiento pertinente. Analizamos los criterios diagnósticos actuales de infección de las prótesis vasculares y su complicación más grave, la fistula aortoentérica (FAE), que aparece en el 0,3-5,9 por ciento de los pacientes que sufren reconstrucciones protésicas de la aorta abdominal, ya sea por enfermedades oclusivas o aneurismáticas. Destacamos la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico precoz de la infección de la porción retroperitoneal del injerto vascular que, a menudo, se manifiesta con signos clínicos sutiles y no específicos, con las técnicas actualmente disponibles como: la TC, la punción aspirativa guiada por ella, y la angiografía. Todo esto, con el fin de erradicar el proceso infeccioso y disminuir las tasas de mortalidad, desde las actuales del 43 por ciento, hasta las más optimistas estimadas en un 19 por ciento (AU)

We present the case of a 76 year-old man, intervened of an obstruction bilateral iliac by means of placement of a prosthesis aortobifemoral that presented pain in the grave left iliac and fever in needles of 39º C to the five years of the intervention. In the physical exploration it highlighted a painful abdomen in the grave left iliac with signs of peritoneal irritation. In the laboratory tests a leukocytosis was detected with neutrophilia and negative culture. The computed thomography (CT) show the presence of gas bubbles around the prosthesis, as well as a liquid collection with areas necrotics in their interior that affected to the psoas and iliac muscles. In the same exploration the aspirative puncture with drainage of the absces demonstrated in the cultivations carried out in aerobic means the presence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae. When presenting a high gastrointestinal hemorrhage abruptly, he was practiced and gastroduodenal endoscope in which a aortoduodenal fistula was evidenced with having bled active. When a bypass extra-anatomic, the sick person will practice it died when presenting a shock abrupt hipovolemic that he didn't respond to the pertinent treatment. We analyze the approaches current diagnoses of infection of the vascular prosthesis and their more serious complication, the aortoenteric fistula (AEF) that either appears in the 0,3-5,9% of the patients who undergo prosthetic reconstruction of the abdominal aorta, for oclusive or aneurismal disease. We highlight the importance of carrying out a precocious diagnosis of the infection of the portion retroperitoneal of the vascular graft that, often, it is manifested with subtle and not specific clinical signs, with the techniques at the moment available as: the CT, fine needle aspiration guided by her, and to diminish the rates of mortality, from the current of 43%, until the most optimistic estimated in 19% (AU)