Pathophysiological Roles of the cGAS-STING Inflammatory Pathway.

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) inflammatory pathway is a component of the innate immune system that recognizes cytosolic nucleic acids. The pathway has been implicated in several processes including aging, autoinflammatory conditions, cancer, and metabolic diseases. The cGAS-STING pathway represents a promising therapeutic target in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases.

UHPLC assay and impurity methods for diphenhydramine and phenylephrine hydrochloride oral solution.

Many over-the-counter drug products lack official compendial analytical methods. As a result, the United States Pharmacopeia and the United States Food and Drug Administration are seeking to develop and validate new methods to establish analysis standards for the assessment of the pharmaceutical quality of over-the-counter drug products. Diphenhydramine and phenylephrine hydrochloride oral solution, a combination drug product, was identified as needing a compendial standard. Therefore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to separate and quantify the two drug compounds and eleven related organic impurities. As part of a robustness study, the separation was demonstrated using different high-performance liquid chromatography systems and columns from different manufacturers, and showed little dependence with changes in flow rate, column temperature, detection wavelength, injection volume and mobile phase gradient. The method was then validated conformant with the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. For impurities, adequate specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision were demonstrated. For assay, a slight modification to the injection volume was necessary to achieve adequate analytical performance. With successful development and validation, these methods were shown to be suitable for their intended purpose and may be considered for adoption as compendial procedures.

Enantiomeric impurity analysis using circular dichroism spectroscopy with United States Pharmacopeia liquid chromatographic methods.

Over 300 chiral drug substances lack official United States Pharmacopeia (USP) methods for the enantiomeric purity determination. Because enantiomeric analysis typically requires specialized methods for each drug compound, developing protocols for each of these 300+ substances would be an expensive and laborious endeavor. Alternatively, if a detector capable of determining the enantiomeric composition without chiral separation could be used with certain drug compounds, this could be implemented relatively rapidly into official testing monographs. Circular dichroism (CD) detection following HPLC (HPLC-CD) has been proposed for this purpose but studies performed thus far have not prioritized its compatibility with validated regulatory methods. In this study, HPLC-CD was evaluated for enantiomeric purity determinations of 13 drug substances using HPLC methods consistent with assay protocols described in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monographs. Of these selected substances, three (sitagliptin, timolol, and levalbuterol) showed no CD activity and one other (levofloxacin) could not be analyzed due to incompatibility of the mobile phase with the CD detector. For the remaining 9 substances, method validation was performed to determine the linearity, accuracy, precision and limits of quantitation of enantiomer impurities, which was compared to limits established by USP. It was found that enantiomeric impurities for four substances (pramipexole, levocetirizine, (S)-citalopram, and tolterodine) could be quantitatively determined at levels suitable to USP specifications. This analysis demonstrated that HPLC-CD does provide an effective enantiomeric characterization strategy for compatible chiral compounds, and can be implemented quickly and economically compared to traditional column-dependent chiral separation or derivatization methods.