Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Regions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Background: Incidence data of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) are sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We estimated RSV-LRTI incidence rates (IRs) in infants in LMICs using World Health Organization case definitions. Methods: This prospective cohort study, conducted in 10 LMICs from May 2019 to October 2021 (largely overlapping with the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic), followed infants born to women with low-risk pregnancies for 1 year from birth using active and passive surveillance to detect potential LRTIs, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasal swabs to detect RSV. Results: Among 2094 infants, 32 (1.5%) experienced an RSV-LRTI (8 during their first 6 months of life, 24 thereafter). Seventeen (0.8%) infants had severe RSV-LRTI and 168 (8.0%) had all-cause LRTI. IRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of first RSV-LRTI episode were 1.0 (.3-2.3), 0.8 (.3-1.5), and 1.6 (1.1-2.2) per 100 person-years for infants aged 0-2, 0-5, and 0-11 months, respectively. IRs (95% CIs) of the first all-cause LRTI episode were 10.7 (8.1-14.0), 11.7 (9.6-14.0), and 8.7 (7.5-10.2) per 100 person-years, respectively. IRs varied by country (RSV-LRTI: 0.0-8.3, all-cause LRTI: 0.0-49.6 per 100 person-years for 0- to 11-month-olds). Conclusions: RSV-LRTI IRs in infants in this study were relatively low, likely due to reduced viral circulation caused by COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT03614676.

Clinical leadership and coping strategies in times of COVID-19: observational study with health managers in Mendoza.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic required an immediate response to the healthcare challenges it posed. This study was conducted to identify actions that helped healthcare professionals to overcome the initial impact in Mendoza (Argentina). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a non-random sample of managers and staff of the public health system of Mendoza (Argentina) (n = 134). An ad-hoc and voluntary survey was carried out with 5 multi-response questions that combined questions referring to the management of the pandemic at the organizational level with others referring to coping at the individual level. The survey questions were formulated based on the results of six focus groups that were conducted previously. Descriptive frequency analysis was performed. RESULTS: 60 people agreed to participate and 45 answered the full questionnaire. At both the organizational and individual level, there was consensus with at least 50% of votes. The most outstanding at the organizational level was "Prioritize the need according to risk" and at the individual level it was "Support from family or friends", being also the most voted option in the whole questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The responses that emerged for coping with COVID-19 must be seen as an opportunity to identify strategies that could be effective in addressing future crisis situations that jeopardize the system's response capacity. Moreover, it is essential to retain both changes at the organizational level (e.g., new protocols, multidisciplinary work, shift restructuring, etc.) and coping strategies at the individual level (e.g., social support, leisure activities, etc.) that have proven positive outcomes.

Comparison of Epidemiologic and Clinical COVID-19 Profiles in Children in Argentina, During Circulation of Original and Variant (Alpha, Gamma and Lambda) Strains.

BACKGROUND: Information on the impact of the different variants in children in Latin America is scarce. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiologic and clinical features of COVID-19 infection in children under 18 years of age in Argentina, comparing the periods before and after the circulation of new variants. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, multicentric, analytical study. All patients under 18 years of age with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted at 22 healthcare centers were included. Two study periods were established: Period 1 (EW10-2020 to EW12-2021) for the Wuhan strain; Period 2 (EW13 to EW35 2021) for Alpha, Gamma, Delta and Lambda variants. FINDINGS: A total of 6330 confirmed cases were included. Period 1: 3575 (56.5%), period 2: 2755 (43.5%). During period 2, a lower number of asymptomatic cases was observed, while general, respiratory and neurologic signs and symptoms increased in all age groups. Oxygen therapy requirement was higher during the first period (36.7% vs 19.1%; P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the rates of severe or critical cases (6.3% vs 5,4%; P = 0.102), intensive care admission (2.1% vs 2%; P < 0.656) or case fatality (0.3% vs 0.5 %; P < 0.229). MIS-C cases occurred more frequently during the first period (1.9% vs 1.1%; P = 0.009). INTERPRETATION: The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 in Argentina has evolved. With the emergence of new variants, although the number of asymptomatic cases declined, numbers of severe and critical cases, as well as case fatality rates in children, remained unchanged.

Estudio multicéntrico de casos confirmados de COVID-19: datos preliminares de 2690 pacientes pediátricos en Argentina durante el primer año de la pandemia / A multicenter study of confirmed COVID-19 cases: preliminary data on 2690 pediatric patients in Argentina during the first year of the pandemic

Introducción. La evidencia actual indica que la gravedad de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) es menor en la población pediátrica, los datos locales aún son limitados. Objetivo: caracterizar los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la infección por COVID-19 en menores de 18 años en Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional y analítico de casos confirmados de COVID-19 entre 0 y 18 años asistidos entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021 en 19 centros pediátricos de referencia de Argentina. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para identificar las variables predictoras de cuadros graves. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2690 casos de COVID-19: 77,7 % residentes del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, 50,1 % de sexo masculino, mediana de edad de 5,6 años. El 90 % ocurrió entre las semanas epidemiológicas 20-47 del 2020; 60,4 % con antecedente de contacto con personas con COVID-19; y 96,6 % en el entorno familiar. El 51,4 % presentó síntomas respiratorios; 61,6 % síntomas generales; 18,8 % síntomas gastrointestinales; 17,1 % síntomas neurológicos; 7,2 % otros y 21,5 % fueron asintomáticos. El 59,4 % fue hospitalizado; 7,4 fueron graves o críticos. Se registraron 57 casos de síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico. El antecedente de asma, displasia broncopulmonar, cardiopatía congénita, desnutrición moderada a grave, obesidad, enfermedad neurológica crónica y/o edad menor de 6 meses resultaron predictores independientes de gravedad. Residir en barrios vulnerables resultó protector. Conclusiones. Más de la mitad de los casos refirieron antecedente de contacto con personas con COVID-19 en el entorno familiar. La hospitalización no respondió a criterios clínicos de gravedad. La gravedad se encuentra asociada a la existencia de ciertas comorbilidades.

Introduction. The current evidence indicates that the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is lower in the pediatric population but local data are still limited. Objective: To characterize the clinical and epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 infection in patients younger than 18 years in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study of confirmed COVID-19 patients aged 0-18 years seen between March 2020 and March 2021 at 19 referral children's hospitals of Argentina. A multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of severe cases. Results. A total of 2690 COVID-19 cases were included: 77.7% lived in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires; 50.1% were males; patients' median age was 5.6 years. Of them, 90% were seen during epidemiological weeks 20-47 of 2020; 60.4% had a history of contact with COVID-19 patients; and 96.6% in their family setting. Also, 51.4% had respiratory symptoms; 61.6%, general symptoms; 18.8%, gastrointestinal symptoms; 17.1%, neurological symptoms; 7.2%, other symptoms; and 21.5% were asymptomatic. In addition, 59.4% of patients were hospitalized and 7.4% had a severe or critical course. A total of 57 patients developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome. A history of asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, moderate to severe malnutrition, obesity, chronic neurological disease and/or age younger than 6 months were independent predictors of severity.Livinginavulnerableneighborhoodwas a protective factor. Conclusions. More than half of cases referred a history of contact with COVID-19 patients in the family setting. Hospitalization was not based on clinical criteria of severity. Severity was associated with the presence of certain comorbidities

A multicenter study of confirmed COVID-19 cases: preliminary data on 2690 pediatric patients in Argentina during the first year of the pandemic. / Estudio multicéntrico de casos confirmados de COVID-19: datos preliminares de 2690 pacientes pediátricos en Argentina durante el primer año de la pandemia.

INTRODUCTION: The current evidence indicates that the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is lower in the pediatric population but local data are still limited. Objective: To characterize the clinical and epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 infection in patients younger than 18 years in Argentina. POPULATION AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study of confirmed COVID-19 patients aged 0-18 years seen between March 2020 and March 2021 at 19 referral children's hospitals of Argentina. A multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of severe cases. RESULTS: A total of 2690 COVID-19 cases were included: 77.7% lived in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires; 50.1% were males; patients' median age was 5.6 years. Of them, 90% were seen during epidemiological weeks 20-47 of 2020; 60.4% had a history of contact with COVID-19 patients; and 96.6% in their family setting. Also, 51.4% had respiratory symptoms; 61.6%, general symptoms; 18.8%, gastrointestinal symptoms; 17.1%, neurological symptoms; 7.2%, other symptoms; and 21.5% were asymptomatic. In addition, 59.4% of patients were hospitalized and 7.4% had a severe or critical course. A total of 57 patients developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome. A history of asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, moderate to severe malnutrition, obesity, chronic neurological disease and/or age younger than 6 months were independent predictors of severity. Living in a vulnerable neighborhood was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of cases referred a history of contact with COVID-19 patients in the family setting. Hospitalization was not based on clinical criteria of severity. Severity was associated with the presence of certain comorbidities.

Introducción. La evidencia actual indica que la gravedad de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) es menor en la población pediátrica, los datos locales aún son limitados. OBJETIVO: caracterizar los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la infección por COVID-19 en menores de 18 años en Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional y analítico de casos confirmados de COVID-19 entre 0 y 18 años asistidos entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021 en 19 centros pediátricos de referencia de Argentina. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para identificar las variables predictoras de cuadros graves. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 2690 casos de COVID-19: 77,7 % residentes del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, 50,1 % de sexo masculino, mediana de edad de 5,6 años. El 90 % ocurrió entre las semanas epidemiológicas 2047 del 2020; 60,4 % con antecedente de contacto con personas con COVID-19; y 96,6 % en el entorno familiar. El 51,4 % presentó síntomas respiratorios; 61,6 % síntomas generales; 18,8 % síntomas gastrointestinales; 17,1 % síntomas neurológicos; 7,2 % otros y 21,5 % fueron asintomáticos. El 59,4 % fue hospitalizado; 7,4 % fueron graves o críticos. Se registraron 57 casos de síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico. El antecedente de asma, displasia broncopulmonar, cardiopatía congénita, desnutrición moderada a grave, obesidad, enfermedad neurológica crónica y/o edad menor de 6 meses resultaron predictores independientes de gravedad. Residir en barrios vulnerables resultó protector. CONCLUSIONES: Más de la mitad de los casos refirieron antecedente de contacto con personas con COVID-19 en el entorno familiar. La hospitalización no respondió a criterios clínicos de gravedad. La gravedad se encuentra asociada a la existencia de ciertas comorbilidades.

Diecinueve años de vigilancia de enfermedad invasiva neumocócica en un hospital pediátrico de Mendoza, Argentina / Nineteen-years of pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance in a children’s hospital in Mendoza, Argentina

Estudiamos 537 niños internados en el Hospital Dr. Notti, entre 1993 y 2011, con enfermedad invasiva neumocócica. La mediana de edad fue 19 meses (R = 0-192 m); 34,82% fueron < 1 año y 23,46%, t 60 meses. Predominaron neumonía con y sin derrame (48,04%) y meningitis (29,05%), con una letalidad de 6,14%. El 56,86% de los serotipos identificados fueron 14, 5 y 1. Mostraron sensibilidad a la penicilina el 99,74% de cepas no meníngeas y a la ceftriaxona, el 98,08% de cepas meníngeas. Los factores de riesgo en neumonía con derrame se asociaron a la edad t 60 meses, RR 1,47 (1,06-2,04), p 0,02, serotipos 5, RR 2,57 (1,71-3,87), p 0,0001 y 1 RR 1,86 (1,17-2,96), p 0,014 y en las meningitis, principalmente a < 1 año, RR 2,35 (1,87-3,06), p 0,0000 y serotipo 18C, RR 2,19 (1,3-3,7), p 0,024. Conclusión. El Streptococcus pneumoniae representó un problema importante en menores de un año, en quienes predominó la meningitis y causó más de la mitad de las muertes, y en mayores de 60 meses, en los que prevalecieron neumonías con derrame. La mayoría fueron sensibles a la penicilina y a la ceftriaxona.

Five hundred and thirty-seven children admitted to Hospital Dr. Notti and diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease between 1993 and 2011 were studied. Their median age was 19 months (range= 0-192 months); 34.82% were <1 year old and 23.46%, ≥60 months old. Pneumonia with or without effusion (48.04%) and meningitis (29.05%) were the most predominant conditions, with a case fatality rate of 6.14%. Identified serotypes corresponded to 14, 5 and 1 in 56.86% of cases. Sensitivity to penicillin was observed in 99.74% of non-meningeal strains, while sensitivity to ceftriaxone was found in 98.08% of meningeal strains. Risk factors in pneumonia with effusion were associated to age ≥60 months old, RR: 1.47 (1.06-2.04), p= 0.02, to serotype 5, RR: 2.57 (1.71-3.87), p= 0.0001, and to serotype 1, RR: 1.86 (1.17-2.96), p= 0.014; in the case of meningitis, risk factors were mainly associated to age <1 year old, RR: 2.35 (1.87-3.06), p= 0.0000, and to serotype 18C, RR: 2.19 (1.3-3.7), p= 0.024. Conclusion. Streptococcus pneumonia was a major problem in infants younger than one year old, who predominantly developed meningitis which caused half of deaths, and in children older than 60 months old, who had a prevalence of pneumonia with effusion. Most cases were sensitive to penicillin and ceftriaxone

Nineteen-years of pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance in a children's hospital in Mendoza, Argentina.

Five hundred and thirty-seven children admitted to Hospital Dr. Notti and diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease between 1993 and 2011 were studied. Their median age was 19 months (range= 0-192 months); 34.82% were <1 year old and 23.46%, >60 months old. Pneumonia with or without effusion (48.04%) and meningitis (29.05%) were the most predominant conditions, with a case fatality rate of 6.14%. Identified serotypes corresponded to 14, 5 and 1 in56.86% of cases. Sensitivity to penicillin was observed in99.74% of non-meningeal strains, while sensitivity to ceftriaxone was found in 98.08% ofmeningeal strains. Risk factors inpneumonia with effusionwere associated to age >60 months old, RR: 1.47 (1.06-2.04), p= 0.02, to serotype 5, RR: 2.57 (1.71-3.87), p= 0.0001, and to serotype 1, RR: 1.86 (1.17-2.96), p= 0.014; in the case of meningitis, risk factors were mainly associated to age <1 year old, RR: 2.35 (1.87-3.06), p= 0.0000, and to serotype 18C, RR: 2.19 (1.3-3.7), p= 0.024. Conclusion. Streptococcus pneumonia was a major problem in infants younger than one year old, who predominantly developed meningitis which caused half of deaths, and in children older than 60 months old, who had a prevalence of pneumonia with effusion. Most cases were sensitive to penicillin and ceftriaxone.

Efficacy of pneumococcal nontypable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in young Latin American children: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection against community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute otitis media (AOM) is unclear. This study assessed the impact of the ten-valent pneumococcal nontypable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on these end points. The primary objective was to demonstrate vaccine efficacy (VE) in a per-protocol analysis against likely bacterial CAP (B-CAP: radiologically confirmed CAP with alveolar consolidation/pleural effusion on chest X-ray, or non-alveolar infiltrates and C-reactive protein ≥ 40 µg/ml); other protocol-specified outcomes were also assessed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This phase III double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted between 28 June 2007 and 28 July 2011 in Argentine, Panamanian, and Colombian populations with good access to health care. Approximately 24,000 infants received PHiD-CV or hepatitis control vaccine (hepatitis B for primary vaccination, hepatitis A at booster) at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 mo of age. Interim analysis of the primary end point was planned when 535 first B-CAP episodes, occurring ≥2 wk after dose 3, were identified in the per-protocol cohort. After a mean follow-up of 23 mo (PHiD-CV, n = 10,295; control, n = 10,201), per-protocol VE was 22.0% (95% CI: 7.7, 34.2; one-sided p = 0.002) against B-CAP (conclusive for primary objective) and 25.7% (95% CI: 8.4%, 39.6%) against World Health Organization-defined consolidated CAP. Intent-to-treat VE was 18.2% (95% CI: 5.5%, 29.1%) against B-CAP and 23.4% (95% CI: 8.8%, 35.7%) against consolidated CAP. End-of-study per-protocol analyses were performed after a mean follow-up of 28-30 mo for CAP and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (PHiD-CV, n = 10,211; control, n = 10,140) and AOM (n = 3,010 and 2,979, respectively). Per-protocol VE was 16.1% (95% CI: -1.1%, 30.4%; one-sided p = 0.032) against clinically confirmed AOM, 67.1% (95% CI: 17.0%, 86.9%) against vaccine serotype clinically confirmed AOM, 100% (95% CI: 74.3%, 100%) against vaccine serotype IPD, and 65.0% (95% CI: 11.1%, 86.2%) against any IPD. Results were consistent between intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Serious adverse events were reported for 21.5% (95% CI: 20.7%, 22.2%) and 22.6% (95% CI: 21.9%, 23.4%) of PHiD-CV and control recipients, respectively. There were 19 deaths (n = 11,798; 0.16%) in the PHiD-CV group and 26 deaths (n = 11,799; 0.22%) in the control group. A significant study limitation was the lower than expected number of captured AOM cases. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy was demonstrated against a broad range of pneumococcal diseases commonly encountered in young children in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00466947.

Infecciones de piel y partes blandas en pediatría: consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento: Parte 2: Celulitis, ectima y ectima gangrenoso, celulitis necrotizantes. Consideraciones finales / Skin and soft tissue infections in children: consensus on diagnosis and treatment

Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas son una causa frecuente de consulta en los centros de atención primaria de la salud. Los datos de la epidemiología local de estas infecciones son escasos; el Staphylococcus aureus y el Streptococcus pyogenes son los principales agentes etiológicos. La emergencia, en los últimos años, de cepas de S. aureus meticilino resistentes provenientes de la comunidad y S. pyogenes resistentes a eritromicina plantea controversia en la elección del tratamiento empírico inicial. Este consenso nacional está dirigido a médicos pediatras, de familia, dermatólogos, infectólogos y otros profesionales de la salud. Trata el manejo clínico, especialmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento, de las infecciones de piel y partes blandas de origen bacteriano provenientes de la comunidad en pacientes inmunocompetentes menores de 19 años de edad.

Skin and soft tissue infections are a common reason for consultation in primary health care centers. Data from the local epidemiology of these infections are rare, but Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are known to be the major etiologic agents. The appearance in recent years of community-originated strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and erythromycin-resistant pyogenes raises controversy in the choice of initial empirical treatment. This national consensus is for pediatricians, dermatologists, infectologists and other health professionals. It is about clinical management, especially the diagnosis and treatment of community-originated skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent patients under the age of 19.

[Skin and soft tissue infections in children: consensus on diagnosis and treatment]. / Infecciones de piel y partes blandas en pediatría: consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Skin and soft tissue infections are a common reason for consultation in primary health care centers. Data from the local epidemiology of these infections are rare, but Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are known to be the major etiologic agents. The appearance in recent years of community-originated strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and erythromycin-resistant pyogenes raises controversy in the choice of initial empirical treatment. This national consensus is for pediatricians, dermatologists, infectologists and other health professionals. It is about clinical management, especially the diagnosis and treatment of community-originated skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent patients under the age of 19.

Infecciones de piel y partes blandas en pediatría: consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento. / [Skin and soft tissue infections in children: consensus on diagnosis and treatment].

Skin and soft tissue infections are a common reason for consultation in primary health care centers. Data from the local epidemiology of these infections are rare, but Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are known to be the major etiologic agents. The appearance in recent years of community-originated strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and erythromycin-resistant pyogenes raises controversy in the choice of initial empirical treatment. This national consensus is for pediatricians, dermatologists, infectologists and other health professionals. It is about clinical management, especially the diagnosis and treatment of community-originated skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent patients under the age of 19.

Nineteen-years of pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance in a childrens hospital in Mendoza, Argentina. / Nineteen-years of pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance in a childrens hospital in Mendoza, Argentina.

Five hundred and thirty-seven children admitted to Hospital Dr. Notti and diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease between 1993 and 2011 were studied. Their median age was 19 months (range= 0-192 months); 34.82

were <1 year old and 23.46

, >60 months old. Pneumonia with or without effusion (48.04

) and meningitis (29.05

) were the most predominant conditions, with a case fatality rate of 6.14

. Identified serotypes corresponded to 14, 5 and 1 in56.86

of cases. Sensitivity to penicillin was observed in99.74

of non-meningeal strains, while sensitivity to ceftriaxone was found in 98.08

ofmeningeal strains. Risk factors inpneumonia with effusionwere associated to age >60 months old, RR: 1.47 (1.06-2.04), p= 0.02, to serotype 5, RR: 2.57 (1.71-3.87), p= 0.0001, and to serotype 1, RR: 1.86 (1.17-2.96), p= 0.014; in the case of meningitis, risk factors were mainly associated to age <1 year old, RR: 2.35 (1.87-3.06), p= 0.0000, and to serotype 18C, RR: 2.19 (1.3-3.7), p= 0.024. Conclusion. Streptococcus pneumonia was a major problem in infants younger than one year old, who predominantly developed meningitis which caused half of deaths, and in children older than 60 months old, who had a prevalence of pneumonia with effusion. Most cases were sensitive to penicillin and ceftriaxone.

Estudio de las enfermedades respiratorias por virus Influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) en niños internados durante el año de la pandemia: Experiencia de 34 centros en la Argentina / Study of respiratory influenza A H1N1 Virus (pH1N1) in hospitalized children in the pandemic year: Experience in 34 centers in Argentina

Introducción. En la Argentina, la pandemia de Influenza A pH1N1 de 2009 provocó cerca de 10 000 casos confirmados con alto impacto en pediatría. Objetivos. Describir las características clínico epidemiológicas y analizar los factores de riesgo de letalidad en niños hospitalizados con infección confirmada por pH1N1. Población y métodos. Se identificaron todas las fichas de casos sospechosos (según Ministerio de Salud) internados en 34 centros y se incluyeron todos los casos confirmados de 0-18 años desde el 1/4/09 al 31/8/09 en un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. El diagnóstico viral se confirmó por método RT-PCR. Los datos se expresaron en porcentajes, media, mediana, desvío estándar e intervalo intercuartilo (IIC) según correspondiera; y como medida de asociación, Riesgo Relativo (RR), con Intervalo de Confianza 95% (IC95%). Se realizó regresión logística múltiple para determinar los predictores independientes. Resultados. Número total de casos sospechosos: 2367; se realizó PCR al 47,8% (n: 1131) siendo positivos para pH1N1 65,5% (n: 741/1131); 57,2% varones; 61,5% <24 meses, mediana de edad: 14 meses (IIC 6-46 meses); 45,1% con enfermedad subyacente; formas clínicas de presentación más frecuentes: neumonía 39,7% y bronquiolitis 25,8%; letalidad: 5,9% (44/741). Factores de riesgo de letalidad [RR (IC95%)]: enfermedad neurológica [5,00 (2,84-8,81)], enfermedad genética [3,67 (1,58-8,52)], desnutrición [3,07 (1,46-6,48)] y prematurez [2,28 (1,14-4,56)]. Predictor independiente de letalidad: enfermedad neurológica [3,84 (1,81-8,14)]. No se observó asociación significativa entre edad, enfermedad respiratoria crónica, inmunosupresión y coinfección viral con la letalidad. Conclusiones. Casi la mitad de los niños con infección por pH1N1 tenía enfermedad subyacente; la enfermedad neurológica fue un predictor independiente de letalidad.

Introduction. In Argentina, pandemic influenza pH1N1 caused nearly 10,000 confirmed cases with high impact in pediatrics. Objectives. To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics and analyse the risk factor of lethality in children hospitalized with infection pH1N1 confirmed by PCR Population and methods. We identified all suspected cases (according to Ministry of health) in 34 centers and we included all the confirmed cases of 0-18 years from 1/4/09 to 31/8/09 in a retrospective cohort study. The viral diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR method. Data are expres sed in percentages, average, median, standard deviation, and range (IQR) as appropriate; and as a measure of association, relative risk (RR), with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Multiple logistic regression was conducted to determine the independent risk predictors. Results. Total number of suspected cases were: 2367; PCR was performed to 47.8% (n: 1131) being positive for pH1N1 65.5% (n: 741/1131); 57.2% males; 61.5% <24 months, median age: 14 months (IQR 6-46 months); 45.1% with underlying disease; more frequent clinical pictures were: pneumonia (39,7%) and bronchiolitis 25.8%; Case-fatality rate: 5.9% (44/741). Mortality risk factors were [RR (95%CI)]: neurological disease [5.00 (2.84-8.81)], genetic disease [3.67 (1.58-8.52)], malnutrition [3,07 (1.46-6.48)] and prematurity [2.28 (1.14-4.56)]. Independent mortality predictor: neurological disease [3.84(1.81-8.14)]. No significant association between age, chronic respiratory disease, immunosuppression and viral co-infection with lethality was observed. Conclusions. Almost half of children with pH1N1 infection had underlying disease; the neurological condition was a separate CFR predictor.

[Study of respiratory influenza A H1N1 Virus (pH1N1) in hospitalized children in the pandemic year. Experience in 34 centers in Argentina]. / Estudio de las enfermedades respiratorias por virus Influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) en niños internados durante el año de la pandemia. Experiencia de 34 centros en la Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: In Argentina, pandemic influenza pH1N1 caused nearly 10,000 confirmed cases with high impact in pediatrics. OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics and analyse the risk factor of lethality in children hospitalized with infection pH1N1 confirmed by PCR. POPULATION AND METHODS: We identifed all suspected cases (according to Ministry of health) in 34 centers and we included all the confirmed cases of 0-18 years from 1/4/09 to 31/8/09 in a retrospective cohort study. The viral diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR method. Data are expressed in percentages, average, median, standard deviation, and range (IQR) as appropriate; and as a measure of association, relative risk (RR), with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Multiple logistic regression was conducted to determine the independent risk predictors. RESULTS: Total number of suspected cases were: 2367; PCR was performed to 47.8% (n: 1131) being positive for pH1N1 65.5% (n: 741/1131); 57.2% males; 61.5% <24 months, median age: 14 months (IQR 6-46 months); 45.1% with underlying disease; more frequent clinical pictures were: pneumonia (39,7%) and bronchiolitis 25.8%; Case-fatality rate: 5.9% (44/741). Mortality risk factors were [RR (95%CI)]: neurological disease [5.00 (2.84-8.81)], genetic disease [3.67 (1.58-8.52)], malnutrition [3,07 (1.46-6.48)] and prematurity [2.28 (1.14-4.56)]. Independent mortality predictor: neurological disease [3.84 (1.81-8.14)]. No significant association between age, chronic respiratory disease, immunosuppression and viral co-infection with lethality was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of children with pH1N1 infection had underlying disease; the neurological condition was a separate CFR predictor.

Estudio de las enfermedades respiratorias por virus Influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) en niños internados durante el año de la pandemia: experiencia de 34 centros en la Argentina / Study of respiratory influenza A H1N1 Virus (pH1N1) in hospitalized children in the pandemic year: experience in 34 centers in Argentina

Introducción. En la Argentina, la pandemia de InfluenzaA pH1N1 de 2009 provocó cerca de 10 000 casos confirmados con alto impacto en pediatría. Objetivos. Describir las características clínico epidemiológicas y analizar los factores de riesgo de letalidad en niños hospitalizados con infección confirmada por pH1N1.Población y métodos. Se identificaron todas las fichas de casos sospechosos (según Ministerio de Salud) internados en 34 centros y se incluyeron todos los casos confirmados de 0-18 años desde el 1/4/09 al 31/8/09 en un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. El diagnóstico viral se confirmó por método RT-PCR. Los datos se expresaron en porcentajes, media, mediana, desvío estándare intervalo intercuartilo (IIC) según correspondiera; y como medida de asociación, Riesgo Relativo (RR), con Intervalo de Confianza 95 por ciento(IC95 por ciento). Se realizó regresión logística múltiple para determinar los predictores independientes. Resultados. Número total de casos sospechosos: 2367; se realizó PCR al 47,8 por ciento (n: 1131) siendo positivos para pH1N1 65,5 por ciento (n: 741/1131); 57,2 por cientovarones; 61,5 por ciento <24 meses, mediana de edad: 14 meses (IIC 6-46 meses); 45,1 por ciento con enfermedad subyacente; formas clínicas de presentación más frecuentes: neumonía 39,7 por ciento y bronquiolitis 25,8 por ciento; letalidad: 5,9 por ciento (44/741).Factores de riesgo de letalidad [RR (IC95 por ciento)]: enfermedad neurológica [5,00 (2,84-8,81)], enfermedad genética [3,67 (1,58-8,52)], desnutrición [3,07 (1,46-6,48)] y prematurez [2,28 (1,14-4,56)]. Predictor independiente de letalidad: enfermedad neurológica [3,84 (1,81-8,14)]. No se observó asociación significativa entre edad,enfermedad respiratoria crónica, inmunosupresión y coinfección viral con la letalidad. Conclusiones. Casi la mitad de los niños con infección por pH1N1 tenía enfermedad subyacente; la enfermedad neurológica fue un predictor independiente de letalidad.

Introduction. In Argentina, pandemic influenza pH1N1 caused nearly 10,000 confirmed cases with high impact in pediatrics. Objectives. To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics and analyse the risk factor of lethality in children hospitalized with infectionpH1N1 confirmed by PCR Population and methods. We identified all suspectedcases (according to Ministry of health)in 34 centers and we included all the confirmed cases of 0-18 years from 1/4/09 to 31/8/09 in a retrospective cohort study. The viral diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR method. Data are expressed in percentages, average, median, standard deviation, and range (IQR) as appropriate; and as a measure of association, relative risk (RR), with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Multiple logistic regression was conducted to determine the independent risk predictors. Results. Total number of suspected cases were: 2367; PCR was performed to 47.8% (n: 1131) beingpositive for pH1N1 65.5% (n:741/1131); 57.2% males; 61.5% <24 months, median age: 14 months(IQR 6-46 months); 45.1% with underlying disease; more frequent clinical pictures were: pneumonia (39,7%) and bronchiolitis 25.8%; Case-fatality rate: 5.9% (44/741). Mortality risk factors were [RR (95%CI)]: neurological disease [5.00 (2.84-8.81)], genetic disease [3.67 (1.58-8.52)], malnutrition [3,07 (1.46-6.48)] and prematurity [2.28 (1.14-4.56)]. Independent mortality predictor:neurological disease [3.84 (1.81-8.14)].No significant association between age, chronic respiratory disease, immunosuppression and viral co-infection with lethality was observed.Conclusions. Almost half of children with pH1N1 infection had underlying disease; the neurological condition was a separate CFR predictor.

Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la invaginación intestinal en niños menores de 2 años, de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina / Clinical and epidemiological aspects of intestinal intussusception in children younger than two years old, in Mendoza, Argentina

Introducción. La invaginación intestinal es una enfermedadgrave, generalmente idiopática. Constituyela principal causa de obstrucción intestinal enniños, en especial en menores de 1 año. El objetivoes describir características clínicas y epidemiológicasde la invaginación intestinal y calcular su incidenciaanual en menores de 1 y 2 años de edad.Población, material y método. Estudio descriptivo,observacional. Se analizaron las historias clínicasde menores de 2 años, internados con diagnósticode invaginación, entre el 1/01/2003 y el 31/12/2005 en la provincia de Mendoza. Se evaluó edad, sexo, mes de diagnóstico, enfermedad previa, clínica, localización, tratamiento, complicaciones, tiempo de internación. Se calculó incidencia anual por edad y por año.Resultados. Se enrolaron 77 sujetos, rango de edad:1 a 22 meses, mediana: 6 meses. Menores de 1 año:88 por ciento. El mayor número de casos se presentó entreoctubre y marzo (68 por ciento). Veintinueve refirieron enfermedad previa (respiratoria 69 por ciento, diarrea 17 por ciento). Manifestaciones abdominales más frecuentes: vómitos 87 por ciento, dolor abdominal 79 por ciento, deposiciones con sangre 67 por ciento. La localización más frecuente fue ileocecoapendiculocólica en 30 (39 por ciento). Se indicó tratamiento quirúrgico en 72 pacientes (93,5 por ciento). La incidencia en menores de 1 año fue 0,77, 0,82 y 0,67/1.000 y en menores de 2 años; 0,41, 0,51 y 0,39/1.000, para los años 2003, 2004 y 2005, respectivamente.Conclusiones. La mayor incidencia se observó enmenores de 1 año y la localización leocecoapendiculocólicafue la más frecuente. Más del 90 por ciento de lospacientes requirió cirugía, con buena evolución(AU)

Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la invaginación intestinal en niños menores de 2 años, de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina / Clinical and epidemiological aspects of intestinal intussusception in children younger than two years old, in Mendoza, Argentina

Introducción. La invaginación intestinal es una enfermedadgrave, generalmente idiopática. Constituyela principal causa de obstrucción intestinal enniños, en especial en menores de 1 año. El objetivoes describir características clínicas y epidemiológicasde la invaginación intestinal y calcular su incidenciaanual en menores de 1 y 2 años de edad.Población, material y método. Estudio descriptivo,observacional. Se analizaron las historias clínicasde menores de 2 años, internados con diagnósticode invaginación, entre el 1/01/2003 y el 31/12/2005 en la provincia de Mendoza. Se evaluó edad, sexo, mes de diagnóstico, enfermedad previa, clínica, localización, tratamiento, complicaciones, tiempo de internación. Se calculó incidencia anual por edad y por año.Resultados. Se enrolaron 77 sujetos, rango de edad:1 a 22 meses, mediana: 6 meses. Menores de 1 año:88 por ciento. El mayor número de casos se presentó entreoctubre y marzo (68 por ciento). Veintinueve refirieron enfermedad previa (respiratoria 69 por ciento, diarrea 17 por ciento). Manifestaciones abdominales más frecuentes: vómitos 87 por ciento, dolor abdominal 79 por ciento, deposiciones con sangre 67 por ciento. La localización más frecuente fue ileocecoapendiculocólica en 30 (39 por ciento). Se indicó tratamiento quirúrgico en 72 pacientes (93,5 por ciento). La incidencia en menores de 1 año fue 0,77, 0,82 y 0,67/1.000 y en menores de 2 años; 0,41, 0,51 y 0,39/1.000, para los años 2003, 2004 y 2005, respectivamente.Conclusiones. La mayor incidencia se observó enmenores de 1 año y la localización leocecoapendiculocólicafue la más frecuente. Más del 90 por ciento de lospacientes requirió cirugía, con buena evolución(AU)

Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la invaginación intestinal en niños menores de 2 años, de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina / Clinical and epidemiological aspects of intestinal intussusception in children younger than two years old, in Mendoza, Argentina

Introducción. La invaginación intestinal es una enfermedadgrave, generalmente idiopática. Constituyela principal causa de obstrucción intestinal enniños, en especial en menores de 1 año. El objetivoes describir características clínicas y epidemiológicasde la invaginación intestinal y calcular su incidenciaanual en menores de 1 y 2 años de edad.Población, material y método. Estudio descriptivo,observacional. Se analizaron las historias clínicasde menores de 2 años, internados con diagnósticode invaginación, entre el 1/01/2003 y el 31/12/2005 en la provincia de Mendoza. Se evaluó edad, sexo, mes de diagnóstico, enfermedad previa, clínica, localización, tratamiento, complicaciones, tiempo de internación. Se calculó incidencia anual por edad y por año.Resultados. Se enrolaron 77 sujetos, rango de edad:1 a 22 meses, mediana: 6 meses. Menores de 1 año:88 por ciento. El mayor número de casos se presentó entreoctubre y marzo (68 por ciento). Veintinueve refirieron enfermedad previa (respiratoria 69 por ciento, diarrea 17 por ciento). Manifestaciones abdominales más frecuentes: vómitos 87 por ciento, dolor abdominal 79 por ciento, deposiciones con sangre 67 por ciento. La localización más frecuente fue ileocecoapendiculocólica en 30 (39 por ciento). Se indicó tratamiento quirúrgico en 72 pacientes (93,5 por ciento). La incidencia en menores de 1 año fue 0,77, 0,82 y 0,67/1.000 y en menores de 2 años; 0,41, 0,51 y 0,39/1.000, para los años 2003, 2004 y 2005, respectivamente.Conclusiones. La mayor incidencia se observó enmenores de 1 año y la localización leocecoapendiculocólicafue la más frecuente. Más del 90 por ciento de lospacientes requirió cirugía, con buena evolución

Enfermedad invasiva por Haemophilus influenzae b: disminución de la incidencia en la era postvaccinal / Decreasing incidence of haemophilus influenzae b invasive disease in the post-vaccine era

Introducción.La historia natural de la enfermedad por Haemophilus influenzae b(Hib) experimentó cambios epidemiológicos en diversas regiones del mundo,motivados por la aplicación universal de vacunas conjugadas.Objetivos.Describir las formas de presentación clínica de la enfermedad invasiva por Hib y analizar la tendencia y tasas de incidencia de la enfermedad, en los períodos previo y posterior a la vacunación.Diseño,Trabajo descriptivo analítico,retrospectivo,transversal y de observación.Población y métodos.Se incluyeron los pacientes internados en el Hospital Pediátrico"Dr.Humberto Notti"de Mendoza con enfermedad invasiva por Hib y formas clínicas de presentación de la enfermedad invasiva.Analizamos tasas de incidencia anual,riesgo relativo y tendencia de la enfermedad,comparando los períodos previo y posterior de la vacunación.Resultados.Se incluyeron 119 pacientes,68 varones(57 por ciento)El rango de edad fue de 1 a 60 meses,con una mediana de 8 meses.Ninguno tenía esquema de vacuna anti-Haemophilus influenzae b completo.Las formas clínicas de presentación más frecuentes fueron:meningitis 94(76 por ciento)y neumonía 14(11 por ciento)Las tasas de incidencia anual de enfermedad invasiva y de meningitis disminuyeron un 100 por ciento entre 1993 y 2001(398,03/100.000 y 304,3/100.000 entre 1993 y 0/100.000en 2001,respectivamente)Conclusiones.Los niños con enfermedad invasiva fueron principalmente varones,menores de 2 años.La forma de presentación más frecuente fue la meníngea.Ningún paciente presentó esquema completo de vacuna para Hib.La incidencia de la enfermedad mostró una tendencia decreciente del año 1993 al 2001