Association of physical inactivity with hypertension and low educational level in people living with HIV / AIDS.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and whether it is associated with sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric, and body composition variables in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study makes use of data from a cohort of 288 adults aged ≥19 years, conducted between October 2009 and July 2011. The variables studied were sex, age, education, income, skin color, tobacco use, alcohol intake, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, length of HIV/AIDS diagnosis, use of antiretroviral therapy and length of its use, CD4, hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus. Physical inactivity was defined as a score below 600 metabolic equivalent minutes/week according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version. Poisson multiple regression was applied in the multivariate analysis with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 44.1%. Education of ≤4 years of study (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.71) and HT (PR: 1.49) were associated with physical inactivity. Physical inactivity was highly prevalent in PLWHA and associated with low educational level and HT. We highlight the simultaneous association between two cardiometabolic risk factors, HT and physical inactivity.

Inadequação calórico-proteica e associação com Indicadores de Qualidade em Terapia Nutricional na assistência ao paciente crítico / Caloric-protein inadequacy and its association with Indicators of Nutritional Therapy Quality in critical patient assistance

A Terapia Nutricional (TN) é um conjunto de intervenções terapêuticas, essenciais na assistência ao paciente crítico.No ambiente de Terapia Intensiva, diversos fatores inviabilizam a execução eficaz da TN. Na perspectiva de garantira gestão da qualidade em TN, foram criados os Indicadores de Qualidade em Terapia Nutricional (IQTN). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a adequação calórico-proteica da terapia nutricional enteral TNE administrada; identificar as taxas de conformidade ou não conformidade em relação à frequência de pacientes em jejum por mais de 24 horas em TNE,a frequência de saída inadvertida de sonda nas o enteral SNE em pacientes com TNE e a frequência de obstruções deSNE em pacientes em TNE, e ainda a associação entre os IQTN avaliados e a adequação calórico-proteica...

The Nutritional Therapy (TN) is a set of essential therapeutic interventions for the care of critically ill patients. In theintensive care environment, several factors make the effective implementation of TN impossible. With a view to ensurethe quality of management in TN, the Nutritional Therapy Quality Indicators (IQTN) were created. The aim of thestudy was to evaluate caloric-protein adequacy of Enteral Nutritional Therapy (TNE) administered, and to identify thecompliance or non-compliance rates in relation to the three IQTNs: frequency of fasting patients for more than 24 hoursin TNE, frequency of inadvertent enteral tube feeding exit in patients with TNE, and frequency of enteral tube feedingobstructions in TNE patients. In addition, the association between the IQTN evaluated and caloric-protein adequacy wasverified.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms in HIV-Infected Patients: Female Sex and Smoking as Risk Factors in an Outpatient Cohort in Brazil.

This study aimed to estimate the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) and associated factors in an outpatient cohort of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) followed between October 2009 and July 2011. We evaluated nausea and/or vomiting, dyspepsia, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence. The outcome variable was the presence of three or more GIS. Sociodemographic (sex, skin color, age, income, years of schooling), lifestyle (smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity level), clinical (antiretroviral therapy, time of HIV infection, CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load), and anthropometric (nutritional status and waist circumference) variables were investigated. Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were collected through a pre-tested and standardized questionnaire. CD4 count was determined by flow cytometry and viral load by branched DNA (bDNA) assays for HIV-1. All variables were analyzed at a p<0.05 significance level. Among 290 patients, the incidence of three or more GIS was 28.8% (95% CI 23.17 to 33.84) and 74.48% presented at least one symptom. Female gender (IR 2.29, 95% CI 1.63 to 3.22) and smoking status (IR 1.93, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.88) were risk factors for the presence of three or more GIS after multivariate Poisson regression. A high incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms was found among PLWHA, and it was significantly associated with female sex and tobacco use. Those results reinforce the relevance of investigating the presence of GIS in PLWHA as it may affect treatment adherence.

Overweight and abdominal obesity in adults living with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of overweight, abdominal obesity and associated factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 270 PLWHA. A questionnaire was applied to investigate sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was considered overweight, while abdominal obesity referred to waist circumference ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women. The authors used multiple Poisson regression with 5% significance level. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity was 33.7% and 12.6%, respectively, referring to 37.9% of women and 5.7% of men (p<0.001). Overweight was associated with age of 40-49 years and ≥50 years, non-use of ARV therapy, and lower tertile of consumption of risk foods. Abdominal obesity was associated with: female gender, age of 40-49 years and ≥50 years, income greater than four times the minimum wage, and CD4+ lymphocyte count >350 cells/mm3. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity associated with sociodemographic and clinical conditions, and consumption of risk foods. This scenario indicates the need for reorientation of the health care focus in this population.

Overweight and abdominal obesity in adults living with HIV/AIDS / Excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal em adultos vivendo com HIV/aids

Summary Objective: To investigate the prevalence of overweight, abdominal obesity and associated factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Method: Cross-sectional study with 270 PLWHA. A questionnaire was applied to investigate sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was considered overweight, while abdominal obesity referred to waist circumference ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women. The authors used multiple Poisson regression with 5% significance level. Results: The prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity was 33.7% and 12.6%, respectively, referring to 37.9% of women and 5.7% of men (p<0.001). Overweight was associated with age of 40-49 years and ≥50 years, non-use of ARV therapy, and lower tertile of consumption of risk foods. Abdominal obesity was associated with: female gender, age of 40-49 years and ≥50 years, income greater than four times the minimum wage, and CD4+ lymphocyte count >350 cells/mm3. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity associated with sociodemographic and clinical conditions, and consumption of risk foods. This scenario indicates the need for reorientation of the health care focus in this population.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) a prevalência de excesso de peso, obesidade abdominal e fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal com 270 PVHA. Aplicou-se questionário para investigar características sociodemográficas, clínicas e estilo de vida. Coletaram-se peso, altura e circunferência de cintura. Consideraram-se excesso de peso o IMC ≥25 kg/m2 e obesidade abdominal a circunferência de cintura ≥102 cm para homens e ≥88 cm para mulheres. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson múltipla com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 33,7% e de obesidade abdominal foi de 12,6%, sendo 37,9% nas mulheres e 5,7% nos homens (p<0,001). Excesso de peso foi associado com idade de 40 a 49 anos e ≥50 anos, não uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) e menor tercil de consumo de alimentos de risco. Obesidade abdominal se associou com sexo feminino, idade de 40 a 49 anos e ≥50 anos, renda própria maior que quatros salários mínimos e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ >350 células/mm3. Conclusão: constatou-se elevada prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal, associados a condições sociodemográficas, clínicas e consumo de alimentos de risco. Esse panorama sinaliza a necessidade de reorientação do foco de atenção à saúde dessa população.

Using ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound to assess vascular changes in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review / Uso de ultrassom Doppler e ultrassom na avaliação das alterações vasculares na pré-eclampsia e eclampsia: uma revisão sistemática

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether Doppler ultrasound of the ophthalmic artery and uterine artery, and ultrasound of flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, can be used to effectively assess vascular function in pregnant women without disease or other complications with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia to establish the most appropriate method for evaluating these diseases.Methods: Two databases were searched for relevant articles: the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Virtual Health Library. Articles published between 1989 and 2014 about Doppler ultrasound of the ophthalmic artery were retrieved; all articles published from 2000 to 2014 about using ultrasound to assess flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery were retrieved; and for Doppler ultrasound of the uterine artery, only articles published between January 2013 and March 2014 were retrieved because the literature in this area is extensive. Results: A total of 260 articles were retrieved; 32 were eligible for inclusion. There were 16 articles on using Doppler ultrasound to evaluate the ophthalmic artery and eight about using it to assess the uterine artery, and eight articles evaluated the use of ultrasound to assess flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Conclusions: Doppler ultrasound is useful in diagnosing pre-eclampsia and eclampsia inpregnant women; the use of this technique makes early intervention feasible, and thereby improves prognosis; and it reduces the morbidity and mortality of pregnant women and their newborns.

Objetivos: Essa revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar se o ultrassom Doppler das artérias oftálmica e uterina e o ultrassom de dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial podem ser utilizados para uma avaliação efetiva da função vascular em mulheres grávidas com pré-eclampsia e eclampsia e sem outras doenças ou complicações, para estabelecer o método mais apropriado para avaliação dessas doenças. Métodos: Pesquisa em dois bancos de dados National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Virtual Health Library em busca de artigos relevantes. Foram recuperados artigos publicados entre1989 e 2014 sobre ultrassom Doppler da artéria oftálmica; todos os artigos publicados de 2000até 2014 sobre o uso do ultrassom para a avaliação da dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial; e apenas artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2013 e março de 2014 sobre ultrassom Doppler da artéria uterina, diante da grande riqueza da literatura nessa área. Resultados: No total, foram recuperados 260 artigos; 32 se qualificaram para inclusão: 16artigos sobre uso do ultrassom Doppler para avaliar a artéria oftálmica, oito artigos sobre o uso dessa técnica para avaliar a artéria uterina e, finalmente, oito artigos sobre o uso do ultrassom para avaliar a dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial. Conclusões: O ultrassom Doppler tem utilidade no diagnóstico da pré-eclâmpsia e da eclampsia em mulheres grávidas; o uso dessa técnica possibilita uma intervenção precoce e, com isso, melhora o prognóstico; e ainda diminui a morbidade e a mortalidade de grávidas e de seus neonatos.

Cardiovascular risk assessment: a comparison of the Framingham, PROCAM, and DAD equations in HIV-infected persons.

This study aims to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to assess the agreement between the Framingham, Framingham with aggravating factors, PROCAM, and DAD equations in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an outpatient centre in Brazil. 294 patients older than 19 years were enrolled. Estimates of 10-year cardiovascular risk were calculated. The agreement between the CVD risk equations was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. The participants' mean age was 36.8 years (SD = 10.3), 76.9% were men, and 66.3% were on antiretroviral therapy. 47.8% of the participants had abdominal obesity, 23.1% were current smokers, 20.0% had hypertension, and 2.0% had diabetes. At least one lipid abnormality was detected in 72.8%, and a low HDL-C level was the most common. The majority were classified as having low risk for CV events. The percentage of patients at high risk ranged from 0.4 to 5.7. The PROCAM score placed the lowest proportion of the patients into a high-risk group, and the Framingham equation with aggravating factors placed the highest proportion of patients into the high-risk group. Data concerning the comparability of different tools are informative for estimating the risk of CVD, but accuracy of the outcome predictions should also be considered.

Centralização cerebral materna na pré-eclâmpsia: revisão sistemática / Maternal cerebral centralization in pre-eclampsia: systematic review

A pré-eclâmpsia é uma doença de alta morbimortalidade com grande impacto na saúde pública. Ainda não há métodos efetivos para seu rastreamento e também não foi elucidada a sua fisiopatologia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar artigos na literatura que avaliaram a possibilidade do fenômeno de "centralização cerebral materna" por meio do Doppler da artéria oftálmica em gestantes normais e gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia. A revisão sistemática da literatura envolveu artigos indexados das bases de dados Medline via PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), publicados entre 1989 a 2011. Por meio da estratégia de busca, localizaram-se 540 artigos, dos quais 505 foram obtidos na base de dados Medline e 35 na BVS. Selecionaram-se 16 artigos, sendo que 5 deles fazem referência a gestantes normais, 1 a gestante com pré-eclâmpsia e 10 comparam gestantes normais com pré-eclâmpsia. Em conclusão, os estudos encontrados indicam que gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia apresentam vasodilatação com hiperfluxo da artéria oftálmica, o que pode caracterizar um fenômeno de centralização cerebral materna

Pre-eclampsia is a high morbidity disease, with a significant impact in public health. There are no effective methods, as yet, to track this disease, and the pathophysiology has not yet been made clear. The objective of this study was to analyze articles found in the literature, evaluating the possibility of pregnant women presenting with the maternal cerebral centralization phenomenon, through Doppler imaging of the ophthalmic artery in women with normal pregnancy and those presenting with signs of pre-eclampsia. A systematic review of the literature involved articles found in the Medline (PubMed) database and in the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS - Virtual Library on Health), published between 1989 and 2011. The search strategy employed by the author yielded 540 articles, of which 505 came from the Medline database and 35 from the BVS. Therefore, 16 articles were selected for this study, being 5 of them refer to normal pregnancies, 1 to pregnancies in which the woman presented with pre-eclampsia and 10 compared normal pregnancies with pregnant women presenting with pre-eclampsia. To sum up, the studies on this topic indicate that pregnant women exhibiting pre-eclampsia symptoms present with vasodilation with hyperflow in the ophthalmic artery, which can be characterized a maternal cerebral centralization phenomenon